Paratransit-oriented transit orientated development in the Global South: minibus taxi urbanism in South Africa.

Date
2024-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study evaluates the benefits and challenges associated with the integration of paratransit into Transport-Oriented Development (TOD) in South Africa, with a particular focus on the parallel operation of paratransit with Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) and the operation of paratransit-orientated TOD in peri-urban settlements in the Global South. TOD is an integral component of the nation's transportation and urban development policies, as emphasised in various national, provincial, and local policies in Cape Town. The primary objective of TOD is to reshape the urban landscape of South Africa, redressing the spatial inequities stemming from the historical legacy of apartheid urban planning, urban sprawl, housing unaffordability, and increased economic and labour costs whilst providing sustainable public transportation services. A fundamental challenge is developing a cost-efficient and affordable public transportation system that increases spatial mobility, accessibility and non-motorised transportation whilst reducing travel distances and travel times. The study underscores that the relationship between TOD, transportation modalities, and land use dynamics in Africa differs substantially from the Global North, predominantly due to the prevalence of paratransit transportation services in African cities. Furthermore, the deeply segregated and spatially fragmented urban structure in South African cities exacerbates expensive long-distance commutes and inefficient peak-to-off-peak demand distribution. The inappropriate application of TOD models leads to costly and unsustainable transportation services, and a highly cross-subsidised public transportation model that reinforces fragmented settlement patterns. To address these challenges, the research advocates for a paratransit-orientated TOD model customised to the unique contexts of African cities, aiming to produce a flexible and affordable transportation service that is demand responsive to lower-income groups and high-density informal mixed-use development in peripheral townships and which carries lower subsidisation costs. This model adopts an experimental approach to development and envisions a polycentric urban framework, linking peripheral high-density settlements to inner-city TODs through circular transportation routes. The research results indicate that although there are no policy limitations to integrating paratransit, particularly the Minibus Taxi (MBT) service, state policies promoted Western-style BRT models in addition to paratransit and other public transportation modes, creating a contradictory and unsustainable BRT service with a low ridership, high subsidies, unaffordable pricing and limited spatial coverage. Paratransit can improve BRT services due to its quick and efficient services, high fuel economy, spatial flexibility and cost-efficient operations. The main challenges to integrate paratransit into BRT models is the large sunk costs of existing BRT infrastructure, adapting unscheduled MBT services, route duplication, administrative challenges of coordinating with multiple operators and its perception as unsafe and unresponsive to traffic regulations. It is envisioned that extending recapitalisation programmes can serve to further regularise paratransit services, particularly on cost-inefficient BRT routes. Many MBT operators are willing to integrate into regularised BRT services to streamline their own operations and the perception of the paratransit industry. The main grievances is the marginalisation of MBT as a last-mile feeder service and the lack of knowledge amongst transportation officials regarding the operational needs, and poor public engagement processes in TOD strategies. Key to the successful integration of paratransit into TOD strategies is extensive MBT engagement in all phases of the TOD policies and community education and awareness programmes informing MBT operators of BRT policy, logistics and management, and improving the perception of paratransit amongst the general public as a regularised and safe service.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing evalueer die voordele en uitdagings verbonde aan die integrasie van paratransito-georiënteerde vervoergerigte ontwikkeling (TOD) in Suid-Afrika, met veral die parallelle werking van paratransito dientste met Snel Bus Transito (BRT) en Ligte Spoor Transito (LRT) en die werking van paratransito-georiënteerde TOD in buitestedelike nedersettings in die Globale Suide. TOD is 'n integrale komponent van die land se vervoer- en stedelike ontwikkelingsbeleid, soos beklemtoon in verskeie nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike beleide in Kaapstad. Die primêre doelwit van TOD is om die stedelike landskap van Suid-Afrika te hervorm, die ruimtelike ongelykhede reg te stel wat voortspruit uit die historiese nalatenskap van apartheidsbeplanning, stedelike uitbreiding, die onbekostigbaarheid van behuising, en verhoogde ekonomiese en arbeidskoste, terwyl volhoubare openbare vervoerdienste verskaf word. 'n Fundamentele uitdaging is om 'n kostedoeltreffende en bekostigbare openbare vervoerstelsel te ontwikkel wat ruimtelike mobiliteit, toeganklikheid en nie-gemotoriseerde vervoer verhoog, terwyl reisafstande en reistye verminder word. Die studie beklemtoon dat die verband tussen TOD, vervoermodaliteite en grondgebruikdinamika in Afrika wesenlik verskil van die in die Globale Noorde, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die voorkoms van paratransito vervoerdienste in Afrika-stede. Verder vererger die diep gesegregeerde en ruimtelik gefragmenteerde stedelike struktuur in Suid-Afrikaanse stede duur langafstandpendelroetes en ondoeltreffende spits-tot-buitespitsvraagverspreiding. Die onvanpaste toepassing van TOD-modelle lei tot duur en onvolhoubare vervoerdienste, en 'n hoogs kruisgesubsidieerde openbare vervoermodel wat gefragmenteerde nedersettingspatrone versterk. Om hierdie uitdagings aan te spreek, bepleit die navorsing 'n paratransito-georiënteerde TOD-model wat aangepas is vir die unieke kontekste van Afrika-stede, wat daarop gemik is om 'n buigsame en bekostigbare vervoerdiens te produseer wat in aanvraag reageer op laer-inkomstegroepe en hoëdigtheid informele gemengde gebruik ontwikkeling in perifere lokasies en wat laer subsidiekoste dra. Hierdie model neem 'n eksperimentele benadering tot ontwikkeling aan en stel 'n polisentriese stedelike raamwerk in die vooruitsig, wat perifere hoëdigtheid nedersettings verbind met middestad TOD's deur middel van sirkelvormige vervoerroetes. Die navorsingsresultate dui daarop dat alhoewel daar geen beleidsbeperkings is vir die integrasie van paratransito nie, veral die Minibus Taxi (MBT) diens, staatsbeleide Westerse BRT modelle bevorder het benewens paratransito en ander openbare vervoer modusse, wat 'n teenstrydige en onvolhoubare BRT diens geskep het met 'n lae ryertal, hoë subsidies, onbekostigbare pryse en beperkte ruimtelike dekking. Paratransito kan BRT-dienste verbeter vanweë sy vinnige en doeltreffende dienste, hoë brandstofverbruik, ruimtelike buigsaamheid en kostedoeltreffende bedrywighede. Die belangrikste uitdagings om paratransito in BRT-modelle te integreer is die groot versonke koste van bestaande BRT-infrastruktuur, die aanpassing van ongeskeduleerde MBT-dienste, roeteduplisering, die administratiewe uitdagings om met veelvuldige operateurs te koördineer en die persepsie daarvan as onveilig en onreaktief tot verkeersregulasies. Daar word voorsien dat die uitbreiding van herkapitaliseringsprogramme kan dien om paratransitdienste verder te reëliseer, veral op koste-ondoeltreffende BRT-roetes. Baie MBT-operateurs is bereid om in gereëlde BRT-dienste te integreer om hul eie bedrywighede en die persepsie van die paratransit-industrie te verbeter. Die belangrikste griewe is die marginalisering van MBT as 'n laaste-myl-toevoerdiens en die gebrek aan kennis onder vervoerbeamptes rakende die operasionele behoeftes van TOD, en die swak openbare betrokkenheidprosesse in TOD-strategieë. Die sleutel tot die suksesvolle integrasie van paratransito in TOD-strategieë is uitgebreide MBT betrokkenheid by alle fases van die TOD-beleide en gemeenskapsopvoeding- en bewusmakingsprogramme wat MBT-operateurs inlig oor BRT-beleid, logistiek en bestuur, en die verbetering van die persepsie van paratransito onder die algemene publiek as 'n gereëlde en veilige diens.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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