Risk factors associated with sport-related injuries in para athletes: an analysis of the 2012 and 2016 Summer Paralympic Games

Date
2025-01-01
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A Para athlete enters into competition with a pre-existing medical impairment, and perhaps an inherent risk for injury compared to able-bodied counterparts. For Para athletes, the risk and type of injury is dependent on the physiological or biomechanical dysfunction associated with their impairment. The relationship between an athletes’ medical impairment and sport-related injuries has not yet been comprehensively studied. In the first study, a narrative review of the literature was conducted summarising information regarding injury profiles associated with an athletes’ impairment type. Databases were searched for articles until June 2021. Impairment categories searched included: (1) Musculoskeletal (impaired passive range of movement (IPROM), limb deficiency (LD), leg length difference (LLD), short stature (SS)), (2) Neurological (brain disorders (BD), neuromuscular disorders (NMD), spinal cord injuries (SCI)), (3) Visual (VI), and (4) Intellectual (II) impairments. Twenty-one studies were identified that reported on injuries by impairment type. Most reviewed studies had variations in methodologies, limiting comparisons between studies. Impairment-specific studies showed differences in injury chronicity and anatomical area based on ambulatory status or impairment type. Studies with athletes who were ambulant reported higher numbers of lower limb injuries while shoulder injuries were only common amongst studies that investigated injuries during wheelchair sports yet were not reported by specific impairment type. The review showed that there is a substantial gap of impairment-related injury epidemiological literature in Para sport and a need for future studies to report on injuries by impairment type. In the second study, an epidemiological analysis of impairment-related injuries was conducted using the Paralympic Injury and Illness Surveillance Studies (PIISS) of the London 2012 and Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games (S-PGs). Combined analyses of injuries sustained were conducted for a total of 7222 athletes for 101 108 athlete-days. Injury incidence rates (IRs) and proportions were reported by impairment and age, sex, sport, period, chronicity, and anatomical area for athletes with BD, LD, NMD, SCI, VI and ‘all others’ (OTH: IMPROM, II, LLD, SS). The impairment group with the highest IR/1000 athlete-days was VI (13.6 (95% CI 11.9-15.7)), followed by NMD (13.3 (95%CI 10.9-16.1)), and SCI (11.1 (95% CI 9.7-12.8)). The precompetition period had an overall higher IR (13.8) for all impairment groups. Acute sudden-onset injuries (IR 5.8) were higher than gradual-onset injuries (IR 3.7), except for athletes with NMD (IR 5.8). Regression analysis showed that sport is a significant risk factor for injuries sustained by athletes with VI (p<0.0001). Sports with high IRs were football-5-a-side (25.9), athletics (16.9) and Judo (15.3). This study was the first study to report on impairment-specific injury risk factors from a combined analysis of two S-PGs. The findings from this thesis contribute towards advancing the understanding of impairment-related factors associated with injuries in athletes during a S-PGs. Clinicians working with Para athletes can gain impairment-specific information for training and injury prevention. Clinicians should work around; (1) decreasing precompetition injuries in athletes with musculoskeletal impairments, (2) prioritise postural control and balance in athletes with VI and (3) consider biomechanical compensations and assistive device usage as cause for injury in athletes with NMD.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: n Para-atleet het uit die staanspoor ’n voorafbestaande mediese verswakking, en straks ook ’n inherente beseringsrisiko. Vir Para-atlete is die risiko en tipe besering afhanklik van die fisiologiese of biomeganiese disfunksie wat met hul verswakkingskategorieë geassosieer word.Die verband tussen ’n atleet se mediese verswakking en sportverwante beserings is nog nie voorheen omvattend bestudeer nie. Die eerste studie behels ’n narratiewe literatuuroorsig van die skeletspierbeseringsprofiele wat met bepaalde tipes mediese verswakking by atlete verband hou. Elektroniese databasisse is deursoek vir artikels wat tot en met Junie 2021 gepubliseer is. Die verswakkingskategorieë wat vir die soektog gebruik is, was: (1) skeletspierverswakking (belemmerde passiewe bewegingsomvang (IPROM), ledemaatgebrek (LD), verskillende beenlengtes (LLD) en klein postuur (SS)), (2) neurologiese verswakking (wat breintoestande (BD), senuspiertoestande (NMD) en rugmurgbeserings (SCI) insluit), (3) visuele verswakking (VI), en (4) intellektuele verswakking (II). Altesaam 21 studies is geïdentifiseer wat beserings aan die hand van verswakkingstipe ondersoek het. Die studies het meestal van verskillende metodologieë, wat vergelyking bemoeilik het.Verswakkingsverwante studies het verskille in chroniese aard en anatomiese area van die besering area getoon op grond van ambulante status of verswakking. Studies met atlete wat ambulant was, het hoër getalle onderste ledemaatbeserings gerapporteer, terwyl skouerbeserings slegs algemeen was onder studies wat beserings tydens rolstoelsport ondersoek het, maar nie volgens spesifieke verswakkingskategorieë gerapporteer. Epidemiologiese literatuur oor verswakkingsverwante besering is ’n aansienlike leemte op Parasportgebied. Die tweede studie is ’n epidemiologiese ontleding van verswakkingsverwante beserings met behulp van die Paralimpiese besering-en-siektestudies (PIISS) van die Londense Spele in 2012 en die Somerspele in Rio in 2016. Gekombineerde ontledings van beserings is vir altesaam 7 222 atlete en 101 108 atleetdae uitgevoer. Beseringsvoorkomssyfers (IR’s) en -persentasies is volgens verswakking en ouderdom, geslag, sportsoort, tydperk, chroniese aard en anatomiese area aangemeld vir atlete met BD, LD, NMD, SCI, VI en ‘alles anders’ (IMPROM, II, LLD, SS). Die verswakkingsgroep met die hoogste IR per 1 000 atleetdae was VI (13.6 (95% vertrouensinterval 11.9-15.7)), gevolg deur NMD (13.3 (95% vertrouensinterval 10.9-16.1)) en SCI (11.1 (95% vertrouensinterval 9.7-12.8)). Vir alle verswakkingsgroepe was beserings oor die algemeen meer in die voorkompetisiestadium (IR 13.8). Akute beserings wat skielik ontstaan (IR 5.8), was meer as beserings wat geleidelik ontstaan (IR 3.7), behalwe vir atlete met NMD (IR 5.8). Regressieontleding toon dat sport ’n beduidende risikofaktor is vir beserings by atlete met VI (P <0.0001). Die sportsoorte met hoë beseringsvoorkomssyfers was vyfspelersokker (25.9), atletiek (16.9) en judo (15.3). Hierdie studie is die eerste tot nog toe wat op grond van ’n gekombineerde ontleding van twee Somerspelebyeenkomste oor verswakkingspesifieke beseringsrisikofaktore verslag doen. Die bevindinge van hierdie tesis verbeter die begrip van verswakkingsverwante faktore wat met beserings by Para-atlete gedurende ’n Somerspele verband hou. Navorsingsprogramme oor beseringsvoorkoming behoort aandag te skenk aan die verband tussen i) die verswakkingskategorieë NMD, VI en OTH, en beserings wat in die tyd voor kompetisies opgedoen word, ii) atlete met die verswakkings NMD, LD en OTH, en herhaalde beserings wat geleidelik ontstaan, en iii) beenbeserings sowel as beserings gedurende hoësnelheidsport by atlete met VI.
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Thesis (M Sport Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
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