Improving resilience in rainfed and irrigated agriculture under future climate in the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape: lessons from the 2015-2018 drought

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Drought has been identified as a key vulnerability for agriculture under climate change - most notably in southern Africa. Recently, the Western Cape Province of South Africa experienced a multi-year severe drought from 2015-2018, which negatively impacted the rural and urban economy. Studies have shown that short-term emergency responses can guide long-term planning. Thus, lessons from the drought can inform responses to climate change and improve resilience in the agricultural sector. The overall aim of this study was to capture the lessons learned from the 2015-2018 Western Cape Drought and how these lessons can be used to build resilience to drought for crop production under climate change in the Western Cape. Through this aim the study intended to shed light on various aspects of climate change response, including adaptation, resilience, adaptive capacity, and barriers to adaptation. The study focused on commercial wheat and apple farmers to represent rainfed and irrigated agriculture, respectively. Four production regions in the Western Cape were studied: the Swartland, the Rûens, Ceres and Elgin-Grabouw-Vyeboom-Villiersdorp. The study used observed climate datasets and production data to understand the impacts of the drought. Drought indices were computed to assess the drought severity, as well as its spatio-temporal extent. The impacts of climate change on the production regions were gauged using a CMIP5 ensemble up to 2065. In-depth interviews with farmers and actors within the agricultural sector were conducted and supplemented with an online questionnaire which was analysed using RandomForests. The study also used the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, which allowed for the assessment of financial, human, and social capital, which was not captured in the climate analysis. It was found that the Western Cape experiences recurrent drought and that the 2015-2018 drought was the most severe in the past 30 years. This may be an early indication of the effects of climate change on the region. In response to the drought, most farmers acknowledged they had learnt several lessons and have since changed some of their farming practices. It was found that farmers who make use of weather forecasts were more likely to feel that their farm’s response to the drought was effective. It was also found that human and social capital were instrumental in reducing the impacts of the drought. The study found that drought indices can improve the skill of seasonal drought forecasts in the winter rainfall region. The results suggest that climate change is likely to impact all crop production regions in the province, albeit to varying extents. Increases in minimum and maximum temperature, as well as drought intensity, were found to be significant, with significant change likely to occur between 2040-2050. From the results, five key lessons were identified: drought is a reoccurring phenomenon in this region; forecasts are an essential tool for building resilience; drought indices can be a valuable component of seasonal drought prediction; farmers have high autonomous adaptative capacity; and improving multiple capitals available to farmers can improve resilience. It is envisaged that the results of this study can guide policymakers and government in understanding the risks faced by commercial crop farmers in the Western Cape and other water-stressed regions. Furthermore, it is hoped this study can add to the discourse surrounding agricultural adaptation and sustainability under climate change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Droogte is geïdentifiseer as 'n beduidende kwesbaarheid vir landbou onder klimaatsverandering - veral in Suider-Afrika. Tussen 2015 en 2018 het die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika 'n meerjarige en intensiewe droogte ervaar, wat die landelike en stedelike ekonomie negatief beïnvloed het. Studies het getoon dat korttermyn-noodreaksies langtermyn beplanning kan inlig. Lesse uit die droogte kan dus reaksies op klimaatsverandering lei en veerkragtigheid in die landbousektor verbeter. Hierdie studie mik om lig te werp op die verskeie aspekte van klimaatsverandering reaksies en word ingelig deur ervarings van die droogte, insluitend aanpassing, veerkragtigheid, aanpassingsvermoë en hindernisse tot aanpassing. Die studie het gefokus op kommersiële koring- en appelboere om onderskeidelik reënvoed- en besproeiingslandbou te verteenwoordig. Vier produksiestreke in die Wes-Kaap is bestudeer: die Swartland, die Rûens, Ceres en Elgin-Grabouw-Vyeboom- Villiersdorp. Die studie het waargenome klimaatdatastelle en produksiedata gebruik om die impak van die droogte te verstaan. Droogte-indekse is bereken om die droogte-erns, sowel as die tydruimtelike omvang daarvan, te bepaal. Die impak van klimaatsverandering op die produksiestreke is gemeet deur gebruik te maak van 'n CMIP5-ensemble tot 2065. In-diepte onderhoude met boere en akteurs binne die landbousektor is gevoer en aangevul met 'n aanlyn vraelys. Die studie het ook die Sustainable Livelihoods Framework gebruik, wat voorsiening gemaak het vir die assessering van finansiële, menslike en sosiale kapitaal, wat nie in die klimaatontleding vasgelê is nie. Daar is gevind dat die Wes-Kaap herhalende droogte ervaar en dat die 2015-2018 droogte die ergste in die afgelope 30 jaar was. Dit kan 'n vroeë aanduiding wees van die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering op die streek. In reaksie op die droogte het die meeste boere erken hulle het verskeie lesse geleer en het sedertdien van hul boerderypraktyke verander. Daar is gevind dat boere wat op weervoorspellings staatmaak meer geneig was om te voel dat hul plaas se reaksie op die droogte doeltreffend was. Daar is ook gevind dat menslike en sosiale kapitaal instrumenteel was om die impak van die droogte te verminder. Die studie het bevind dat droogte-indekse die vaardigheid van seisoenale droogtevoorspellings in die winterreënvalstreek kan verbeter. Verder dui die resultate daarop dat klimaatsverandering waarskynlik alle gewasproduksiestreke in die provinsie sal beïnvloed, al is dit in verskillende mate. Daar is gevind dat verhogings in minimum en maksimum temperatuur, sowel as droogte-intensiteit beduidend is, met beduidende verandering wat waarskynlik tussen 2040-2050 sal plaasvind. Uit die resultate is vyf sleutellesse geïdentifiseer: droogte is 'n herhalende verskynsel in hierdie streek; voorspellings is 'n noodsaaklike hulpmiddel vir die bou van veerkragtigheid; droogte-indekse kan 'n waardevolle komponent van seisoenale droogtevoorspelling wees; boere het hoë outonome aanpassingsvermoë; en die verbetering van verskeie kapitaal wat aan boere beskikbaar is, kan veerkragtigheid verbeter. Daar word in die vooruitsig gestel dat die resultate van hierdie studie beleidmakers en die regering kan lei om die risiko's wat kommersiële saaiboere in die Wes-Kaap en ander waterstres streke in die gesig staar, te verstaan. Verder word gehoop dat hierdie studie kan bydra tot die diskoers rondom landbou-aanpassing en volhoubaarheid onder klimaatsverandering.
Description
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Droughts -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Adaptation, Commercial agriculture, Climatic changes -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Wheat -- Effect of drought on -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Apples -- Effect of drought on -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Irrigation efficiency -- South Africa, Arid regions agriculture -- South Africa, Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Western Cape., UCTD
Citation