Turi kumwe (we are together) : a transdisciplinary exploration of the Burundian specialty coffee sector and its sustainability challenges

Date
2017-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Coffee is considered as a pioneering example of sustainable production and trade amongst tropical commodities because of its rich history of alternative trading practices and movements. The most common way of producing ‘sustainable coffee’ is through the certification of production using voluntary or private sustainability standards. Sustainable coffee consumption is increasingly being mainstreamed; shaking off the niche, idiosyncratic market image it occupied in previous decades. Compared to the beginnings of the fair/ethical trade coffee movement, it is now relatively easy for large volume buyers (especially retailers) to purchase sustainable coffee through conventional trading companies that use third-party certification and labelling. The trend towards ‘sticker coffee’ implies that large volume coffee buyers regard origin (the people and place where a particular coffee comes from) as significantly less important than the sticker that certifies the production processes as ‘sustainable’. Supplier substitutability, a common practice in the conventional coffee market, is now common practice within the sustainable coffee market. Smaller origins (those that cannot offer large volumes) as well as origins that that are the furthest away from the standards of production required for certification (often as a result of their relatively low level of development) will struggle to gain a foothold and compete in the sustainable coffee market. Recognising the tension between the trade potential of standardising sustainability and the realities of context is at the core of this study. This thesis is rooted in the lived experience of working in a coffee producing company in one of the world’s poorest countries, Burundi. It is an attempt to learn about sustainability issues within the Burundian coffee sector by inserting the research into an actual coffee supply chain. An open research agenda was maintained in order to design the research process as it unfolded using Emergent Transformation Design (ETD) – a transdisciplinary research approach suitable for a developing world context. The joint problem definition of the ETD revealed that the production of high quality coffee was critically important for the local producer organisation in which the research was embedded and that production needed to be done in such a way as to build authentic trust relationships with local farmers. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme, employing 26 young Burundians, emerged from the joint problem definition. This thesis reflectively documents the unplanned, yet intuitive, research journey that lead to the creation of the IPM programme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In die koffiebedryf word daar baanbrekerswerk gedoen ten opsigte van volhoubare produksie- en handelspraktyke. Die koffiebedryf het ‘n ryk geskiedenis van alternatiewe handelspraktyke en -bewegings, wat as voorbeelde beskou word vir ander tropiese kommoditeite. “Volhoubare koffie” word meestal gemeet aan vrywillige of private volhoubaarheidstandaarde en daarvolgens gesertifiseer. Die verbruik van volhoubare koffie word al hoe meer algemeen in die hoofstroom; die mark beskou dit nie meer, soos in vorige dekades, as ‘n niche of eienaardigheid nie. Anders as in die beginjare van die beweging vir etiese handelspraktyke in die koffiebedryf, is dit deesdae baie maklik vir grootvolumekopers (veral kleinhandelaars) om volhoubare koffie aan te koop deur gewone handelsmaatskappye. Só ‘n handelsmaatskappy maak tipies gebruik van ‘n derde party vir sertifisering en etikettering. Hierdie neiging tot “etiket-koffie” beteken dat grootvolumekopers minder waarde heg aan die oorsprong van die koffie (die mense en plek waarvandaan die koffie kom) as aan die etiket wat produksieprosesse as “volhoubaar” sertifiseer. Dit bring mee dat kopers ook gereeld tussen volhoubarekoffieverskaffers wissel, soos wat reeds algemeen is in die konvensionele koffiebedryf. Vir koffie van sekere produksie-omgewings is dit moeilik om in die mark gevestig te raak en effektief mee te ding, byvoorbeeld koffie van ‘n kleiner oorsprongbasis (‘n area of produsent wat nie groot volumes kan lewer nie), of ‘n oorsprongbasis wat nog ver tekortskiet aan die produksiestandaarde vir sertifisering, dikwels weens ‘n relatiewe lae vlak van ontwikkeling. Die spanning tussen enersyds die handelspotensiaal van volhoubaarheidstandaarde en andersyds die realiteit van die konteks staan sentraal tot hierdie studie. Hierdie tesis is gebaseer op eerstehandse werkservaring in ‘n maatskappy wat koffie produseer in Burundi, een van die wêreld se armste lande. Dit is ‘n poging om volhoubaarheidskwessies in die Burundiese koffiesektor te verstaan deur die navorsing in ‘n werklike koffieverskaffingsketting te doen. ‘n Oop navorsingsagenda is gevolg sodat die navorsingsproses ontwerp kon word na gelang van hoe dit ontvou. Die benadering wat gebruik is, is Opkomende Transformasie-Ontwerp (Emergent Transformation Design (ETD)) – ‘n transdissiplinêre navorsingsbenadering wat toepaslik is vir die konteks van die ontwikkelende wêreld. Die gesamentlike probleemstelling van die Opkomende Transformasie-Ontwerp het uitgewys dat dit vir die plaaslike produsent-maatskappy (waar die navorsing gevestig was) van kritieke belang was om hoëgehaltekoffie te produseer. Dit het ook aangedui dat produksiepraktyke opregte vertrouensverhoudings tussen die maatskappy en die plaaslike boere moet bevorder. Uit hierdie gesamentlike probleemstelling het ‘n geïntegreerde plaagbeheerprogram ontstaan, wat werk verskaf het aan 26 jong Burundiërs. Hierdie tesis dokumenteer, reflektief, die onbeplande dog intuïtiewe navorsingsreis wat gelei het tot die ontstaan van die plaagbeheerprogram.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.
Keywords
Coffee industry -- Burundi, Sustainable agriculture -- Burundi, Coffee industry -- Capital productivity -- Burundi, Consumption (Economics), UCTD
Citation