Analysis of sugar accumulation under cold stress in Physcomitrium patens

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Plants adapt to cold temperatures through the process of cold acclimation. Key experimental observations indicate that one of the common elements in cold acclimation are the accumulation of various sugars. In the moss Physcomitrium patens, it has been reported that a trisaccharide, theanderose, accumulates in response to cold acclimation and is induced by abscisic acid (ABA) – the major stress-linked hormone in plants. Due to its rarity in nature, little is known about the biochemistry of theanderose production. Some sugars accumulating under cold acclimation may be the result of pathways leading from starch degradation. For example, the accumulation of maltose pools which further leads to glucose and sucrose synthesis. While the starch degradation pathway is well characterised in angiosperms, little is known of its importance in bryophytes such as P. patens. Recently, the effects of specific mutations in starch metabolism have been examined in P. patens. In that study mutations in glucan-water dikinase (Ppgwd1) and a disproportionating enzyme (Ppdpe2) were targeted, as mutations in homologs of these gene are known to affect starch degradation in other angiosperms. This study investigated two aspects of soluble sugar accumulation in P. patens. Firstly, we examined if a combination of ABA and exposure to low temperatures led to starch degradation alongside increased soluble sugar accumulation. Wild type plants alongside Ppgwd1 and Ppdpe2 mutants were grown, in vitro, at 25°C for 8 weeks on synthetic growth media and sub-cultured onto growth media supplemented with 10μM ABA at 4°C for 2 days. The starch and sugar contents in each line were measured and no significant increases were seen in any of the wild type or the mutant lines across the two-day incubation. A second experiment over 6 days was attempted on wild type material, but again no significant trend was noticed. The use of LC-MS/MS allowed to examine the presence of other possible sugars accumulating in P. patens during cold exposure. Interestingly we did not observe theanderose as being present but detected raffinose along with two other unknown sugars. Secondly, we examined various enzymes that may be involved in theanderose or raffinose synthesis in P. patens. Expression of three α-glucosidase enzymes were performed in an E. coli malq mutants, however, none appeared to catalyse glucosyltransferase reactions when that would lead to the formation of theanderose. Putative P. patens raffinose synthase enzymes were also assessed in a bacterial system. Gene sequences encoding two putative PpRAFS protein were amplified and heterologously expressed to produce recombinant protein. Unfortunately, after affinity purifications bands of the predicted size were identified in the negative control, indicating that PpRAFS was not present in the samples. Gene expression of the two putative PpRAFS was examined within wild type tissue. Both genes showed high expression at 25 °C when incubated with ABA.
AFRKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plante pas by koue temperature aan deur die proses van koue akklimatisering. Belangrike eksperimentele waarnemings dui aan dat een van die algemene elemente in koue akklimatisering die ophoping van verskillende suikers is. In die Physcomitrium patens-mos (P. patens) word daar gerapporteer dat theanderose, ’n trisakkaried, ophoop in reaksie op koue akklimatisering en geïnduseer word deur abskisiensuur (ABA) – die belangrikste stres- gekoppelde hormoon in plante. Weens die seldsaamheid van theanderose-produksie in die natuur is daar min bekend oor die biochemie daarvan. Die ophoping van sekere suikers tydens koue akklamasie kan die gevolg wees van die afbreking van stysel. Byvoorbeeld, die ophoping van maltose poele wat verder lei tot die sintese van glukose en sukrose. Alhoewel die styselafbrekingsroete goed gekenmerk word in angiosperme, is daar min bekend oor die belangrikheid daarvan in briofiete soos P. patens. Onlangs is die effekte van spesifieke mutasies in styselmetabolisme in P. patens ondersoek. In die betrokke studie is mutasies in glukan-water dikinase (Ppgwd1) en ’n disproportionerende ensiem (Ppdpe2) geteiken. Dit is die geval aangesien mutasies in homoloë van hierdie geen daarvoor bekend is dat dit die afbreking van stysel in ander angiosperme beïnvloed. Hierdie studie het twee aspekte van die akkumulasie van oplosbare suiker in P. patens ondersoek. Eerstens, het ons ondersoek of ’n kombinasie van ABA en blootstelling aan lae temperature tot die afname van stysel lei, tesame met verhoogde oplosbare suiker. Wilde-tipe plante, Ppgwd- en Ppdpe2-mutante is gedurende agt weke in vitro by 25 °C gekweek op sintetiese groeimedium en oorgeplaas na groeimedium aangevul met 10 μM ABA by 4 °C vir twee dae. Die stysel- en suikerinhoud in elke lyn is gemeet en daar is geen noemenswaardige toename in enige wilde-tipe of die mutant-lyne oor die twee dae van inkubasie waargeneem nie. ’n Tweede eksperiment is oor ses dae op wilde tipe materiaal probeer, maar daar is weereens geen noemenswaardige neiging opgemerk nie. Die analise van suikers deur LC- MS/MS het aanleiding gegee tot die opsporing en ondersoek na ander suikers wat in P. patens ophoop. Interessant genoeg, was theanderose nie waargeneem nie, maar raffinose is wel saam met twee ander onbekende suikers opgespoor. Tweedens, het ons verskeie ensieme ondersoek wat betrokke kon wees by theanderose- of raffinose-sintese in P. patens. Die uitdrukking van drie α-glukosidase- ensieme is uitgevoer in ’n E. coli malq-mutant. Dit kom egter voor asof geen glukosieltransferase-reaksies tot die vorming van theanderose kan lei nie. Moontlike P. patens raffinose-sintetase-ensieme is ook in ’n bakteriese stelsel geassesseer. Geen-reekse wat vir twee moontlike PpRAFS-proteïene gekodeer is, is vermeerder en heteroloog uitgedruk om rekombinante proteïene te produseer. Bande van die voorspelde grootte is ná affiniteitsuiwering in die negatiewe kontrole geïdentifiseer. Dit dui daarop dat PpRAFS nie in die monsters teenwoordig was nie. Geenuitdrukking van die twee moontlike PpRAFS was ook in die wilde-soort-weefsel ondersoek. Albei gene het hoë uitdrukking getoon by 25 °C wanneer dit met ABA geïnkubeer was.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Physcomitrium patens -- Growth, Physcomitrium patens -- Effect of stress on, Raffinose, Sucrose -- Environmental aspects, Plants -- Effect of cold on, Abscisic acid, UCTD
Citation