Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on the brain: a review

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dc.contributor.authorCilliers, Karenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMuller, Christo J. F.en_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2022-05-24T07:40:28Zen_ZA
dc.date.available2022-05-24T07:40:28Zen_ZA
dc.date.issued2020-11en_ZA
dc.descriptionCITATION: Cilliers, K. & Muller, C. J. F. 2021. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on the brain: A review. The Anatomical Record, 304:1389– 1399. doi:10.1002/ar.24573en_ZA
dc.descriptionThe original publication is available at https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19328494en_ZA
dc.description.abstractThirty million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is one of the most common comorbidities of HIV. However, the effect of HIV on the brain has not been fully investigated. This article aimed to review the changes to the brain due to HIV in terms of atrophy, diffusion changes, and hyperintensities. Studies have observed significant atrophy in subcortical gray matter, as well as in cortical white and gray matter. Moreover, the ventricles enlarge, and the sulci widen. Although HIV causes changes to the white and gray matter of the brain, few diffusion tensor imaging studies have investigated the changes to gray matter integrity. White and gray matter hyperintensities have frequently been observed in HIV-positive individuals, with the subcortical gray matter (caudate nucleus and putamen) and periventricular white matter frequently affected. In conclusion, subcortical gray matter is the first brain region to be affected and is affected most severely. Additionally, this review highlights the gaps in the literature, since the effect of HIV on the brain is not fully known. Future studies should continue to investigate the effect of HIV on the brain in different stages of the disease, and alternate therapies should be developed since highly active antiretroviral therapy is currently ineffective at treating HAND.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.24573en_ZA
dc.description.versionPublisher’s versionen_ZA
dc.format.extent11 pagesen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationCilliers, K. & Muller, C. J. F. 2021. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on the brain: A review. The Anatomical Record, 304:1389– 1399. doi:10.1002/ar.24573en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1932-8494 (online)en_ZA
dc.identifier.otherdoi:10.1002/ar.24573en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/125231en_ZA
dc.language.isoen_ZAen_ZA
dc.publisherAmerican Association for Anatomyen_ZA
dc.rights.holderAmerican Association for Anatomyen_ZA
dc.subjectHIV infections -- Complicationsen_ZA
dc.subjectAIDS dementia complexen_ZA
dc.subjectBrain matter hyperintensitiesen_ZA
dc.subjectDiffusion changesen_ZA
dc.subjectSubcortical gray matteren_ZA
dc.subjectBrain -- Diseasesen_ZA
dc.titleEffect of human immunodeficiency virus on the brain: a reviewen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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