Evaluating the successful and sustainable implementation of evidence-based innovations in health systems in low- and middle-income countries: a maturity model approach

Date
2023-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The unsuccessful and unsustainable implementation of evidence-based health innovations frequently occurs, leading to missed opportunities that could have improved various aspects of a health system. Understanding the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of innovations is especially important in the low- and middle-income country (LMIC) context, where unsuccessful implementation practices impede the progress and improvement of health systems. While high-income countries and LMICs experience many of the same implementation facilitators and barriers, LMICs must deal with additional health system complexities that impact implementation. Improving the success and sustainability of innovation implementation has become one of the most apparent promoters of LMIC health system improvements. However, existing approaches aimed at facilitating the innovation implementation process either do not consider a holistic health innovation landscape and thus overlook key concepts; or have not specifically been developed for the LMIC context and thus do not adequately capture the contextual specificities of LMICs. To address this gap, a novel solution is developed in this study – the LMIC Health Innovation Implementation Maturity Model (HII-MM). The research strategy followed in this study is based on the design science strategy. Design science can be divided into three overarching phases: Exploratory, Formative and Evaluative Phases. During the Exploratory Phase, the specific problem and resulting objectives are investigated through three sets of literature reviews: conceptual, systematic, and comparative literature reviews. During the Formative Phase, the solution to the identified problem is developed, namely the HII-MM. Lastly, during the Evaluative Phase, the developed solution is iteratively refined through theoretical and structural verification strategies, and the HII-MM's efficacy in solving the identified problem is validated. The HII-MM is a maturity assessment tool that facilitates the assessment of LMIC health innovation landscapes. It defines the system's current implementation maturity, identifies gaps hindering an innovation's successful and sustainable implementation, and provides potential maturation paths that can inform improvement initiatives. The HII-MM is made up of three dimensions: (i) implementation domains, which describe the concepts that act as either facilitators or barriers when implementing an evidence-based innovation within an LMIC health system, (ii) health system levels, which portray the health system that is being assessed, and (iii) maturity levels, which are statements that enable the understanding of the system's capability to implement an innovation. To verify the HII-MM subject matter expert (SME) interviews and a case study on a mHealth audiology device was leveraged. Then, to validate the HII-MM, additional SME interviews were conducted with expert representation from 25 unique LMICs and two case studies were carried out. The first case study is on the maternal health innovation MomConnect and the second is on the contact tracing innovation COVID Alert. These validated the transferability, flexibility, usefulness, and usability of the HII-MM. This study contributes to the growing literature that aims to inform health system stakeholders in LMICs on successfully and sustainably implementing evidence-based health innovations. The study promotes greater access to evidence-based health innovations to encourage health equity and improve the performance of LMIC health systems.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die implementering van bewysgebaseerde gesondheidsinnovasies is dikwels onsuksesvol en onvolhoubaar, wat daartoe lei dat geleenthede wat verskeie aspekte van ʼn gesondheidstelsel kon verbeter het, misgeloop word. Dit is veral belangrik om die fasiliteerders van en struikelblokke vir die implementering van innovasies in die konteks van die lae- en middel-inkomsteland (LMIL) te verstaan, waar onsuksesvolle implementeringspraktyke die vordering en verbetering van gesondheidstelsels belemmer. Hoewel hoë-inkomstelande en LMIL’e baie van dieselfde implementeringsfasiliteerders en-struikelblokke ervaar, het LIML’e ook nog te doen met bykomende kompleksiteite van die gesondheidstelsel, wat implementering beïnvloed. Die verbetering van die sukses en volhoubaarheid van innovasie-implementering het een van die mees ooglopende bevorderaars van gesondheidstelselverbeterings in LMIL’e geraak. Die bestaande benaderings, wat daarop gemik is om die innovasie-implementeringsproses te fasiliteer, neem egter óf nie ʼn holistiese gesondheidsinnovasielandskap in ag nie en sien dus sleutelkonsepte oor; óf is nie spesifiek vir die LMIL-konteks ontwikkel nie en lê dus nie die kontekstuele spesifisiteite van die LMIL’e genoegsaam vas nie. Om hierdie gaping te oorbrug, is ʼn nuwe oplossing in hierdie studie ontwikkel – die LMIL Gesondheidsinnovasie-implementeringsvolwassenheidsmodel (GII-VM). Die navorsingstrategie van hierdie studie is gegrond op die ontwerpwetenskapstrategie. Ontwerpwetenskap kan in drie oorkoepelende fases verdeel word: die verkennings-, vormings- en evalueringsfases. Tydens die verkenningsfase word die spesifieke probleem en die gevolglike doelwitte deur drie stelle literatuuroorsigte ondersoek: die konseptuele, stelselmatige en vergelykende literatuuroorsig. Tydens die vormingsfase word die oplossing vir die geïdentifiseerde probleem ontwikkel, naamlik die GII-VM. Laastens, tydens die evalueringsfase word die ontwikkelde oplossing herhaaldelik verfyn deur middel van teoretiese en strukturele bevestigingstrategieë en die GII-VM se doeltreffendheid met die oplos van die geïdentifiseerde probleem word gestaaf. Die GII-VM is ʼn volwassenheidsassesseringshulpmiddel wat die assessering van die gesondheidsinnovasielandskap van LMIL’e fasiliteer; dit omskryf die stelsel se huidige implementeringsvolwassenheid, identifiseer gapings wat die suksesvolle en volhoubare implementering van ʼn innovasie belemmer, en verskaf potensiële bane vir volwassewording wat verbeteringsinisiatiewe kan onderlê. Die GII-VM bestaan uit drie dimensies: (i) implementeringsdomeine, wat die konsepte beskryf wat as fasiliteerders of hindernisse optree in die implementering van ʼn bewysgebaseerde innovasie in ʼn LMIL se gesondheidstelsel; (ii) die gesondheidstelselvlakke, wat die gesondheidstelsel wat geassesseer word, uitbeeld; en (iii) volwassenheidsvlakke, of stellings wat dit moontlik maak om die stelsel se vermoë om ʼn innovasie te implementeer, te verstaan. Om die GII-VM te bevestig, is onderhoude met vakdeskundiges (VD’s) en ʼn gevallestudie oor ʼn mGesondheidtoestel vir oudiologie gebruik. Om die GII-VM te staaf, is bykomende VD-onderhoude gevoer met deskundige verteenwoordigers uit 25 unieke LMIL’e en is twee gevallestudies gedoen. Die eerste gevallestudie is gedoen oor die moedergesondheidsinnovasie, MomConnect, en die tweede oor die kontakopsporingsinnovasie, COVID Alert. Dit het die oordraagbaarheid, buigsaamheid, nuttigheid en bruikbaarheid van die GII-VM gestaaf.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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