Hormones in hair as possible predictive biomarkers of posttraumatic stress symptoms in women who have been raped

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: There is a gap in the literature with regard to researching long-term secretion of cortisol, as well as other hormones (cortisone, testosterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) in hair samples of women with posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) and who have been victims of rape. Cortisol and other steroid hormones measured in hair over a longer time window may be predictive biomarkers of PTSS. This longitudinal study, based in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), compared hormone concentrations between groups (rape-exposed [RE] and controls) over time. The first time point was at the baseline visit (samples and data collected within 20 days post rape), which provided an approximate three-month window of hormone concentrations, preceding the rape trauma. The second sampling was at three months post rape and this covered the window between the baseline assessment and three months post rape. The last time point was at six months post rape, providing concentrations in the window between three- and six months post rape. Furthermore, the present study sought to examine differences in PTSS between and within groups at different time-points (baseline, three months, and six months post rape). The third aim of the present study was to conduct an analysis of temporal correlations between PTSS and hormones, as measured at baseline, three months, and six months post rape. Lastly, the study sought to establish whether pre-trauma hormone concentrations were predictive of the development of PTSS at baseline, three months and six months post rape. There were no significant differences between groups at different time-points (baseline, three months, and six months) with regard to hair hormone concentrations. There were significant differences in PTSS between groups, and several, but weak, significant correlations were found between hormone concentrations and PTSS, as well as PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing/ intrusion symptoms, avoidance/numbing symptoms, hyperarousal, as measured by the Davidson Trauma Scale [DTS]). Pre-trauma cortisol concentrations were significantly correlated with baseline (within 20 days post rape) total PTSD symptoms, reexperiencing/ intrusion symptoms, avoidance/numbing symptoms, hyperarousal. Cortisone concentrations, as measured at six months (i.e. from three to six months post rape) significantly correlated with avoidance/numbing symptoms at three months post rape. A significant, but weak, negative correlation was found between dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations as measured at three months (i.e. from baseline to three months post rape) and reexperiencing/ intrusions at three months post rape. A significant, but weak, positive correlation was found between DHEA as measured at six months (i.e. from three to six months post rape) and total PTSS, as well as re experiencing/intrusion symptoms at three months post rape. Hormone concentrations were not predictive of the development of PTSS. Within 20 days post rape, three significant predictors of PTSS were identified. The strongest predictor of PTSS was depression, followed by previous trauma (trauma load / cumulative trauma), and perceived stress. At three-month follow-up, the strongest predictor of PTSS was trauma load, followed by depression. At six-month follow-up, no significant predictors of PTSS were identified. This is the first study to examine hair cortisol and other hair hormone concentrations in female rape victims with PTSS compared to controls.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is ‘n gaping in die literatuur ten opsigte van navorsing wat op die langtermyn sekresie van kortisol en ander hormone (kortisoon, testosteroon, progesteroon, en dehidro-epiandrosteroon [DHEA]) in haarmonsters van vrouens met posttraumatiese stres simptome (PTSS) en wie slagoffers van verkragting was, fokus. Kortisol en ander steroide hormone wat oor ‘n langer tydperk in hare gemeet is, kan voorspellende biomerkers van PTSS wees. Hierdie longitudinale studie, gebaseer in KwaZulu Natal (KZN), het hormoonkonsenstrasies oor ‘n tydperk tussen groepe (blootgestel aan verkragting [RE] en ‘n kontrole groep) vergelyk. Die eerste tydpunt was die beginpunt (monsters en data binne 20 dae na die verkragting ingesamel), wat 'n benaderde raamwerk van hormoonkonsenstrasies van drie maande voor die trauma van verkragting voorsien het. Die tweede steekproefneming was drie maande na verkragting en dit het die venster tussen die beginpunt en drie maande na verkragting gegee. Die laaste tydpunt was ses maande na verkragting, wat konsentrasies in die venster tussen drie en ses maande na verkragting gebied het. Verder het die huidige studie probeer om die verskille in PTSS tussen en binne groepe op verskillende tydpunte (basislyn, drie maande en ses maande na verkragting) te ondersoek. Die derde doel van die huidige studie was om 'n ontleding te doen van temporele korrelasies tussen PTSS en hormone, gemeet by die basislyn, drie maande en ses maande na verkragting. Laastens het die studie probeer vasstel of pre-trauma hormoonkonsenstrasies voorspelbaar was vir die ontwikkeling van PTSS by die beginpunt, drie maande en ses maande na verkragting. Daar was geen beduidende verskille tussen groepe by verskillende tydpunte (basislyn, drie maande en ses maande) met betrekking tot hormoonkonsentrasies nie. Daar was beduidende verskille in PTSS tussen groepe, en verskeie, maar swak, beduidende korrelasies is gevind tussen hormoonkonsenstrasies en PTSS, sowel as PTSD-simptoom subgroepe (simptome wat herhaaldelik ervaar word / indringend is, simptome van vermyding / verdowing, hiper-opwekking, soos gemeet deur die Davidson Trauma Skaal [DTS]). Pre-trauma kortisolkonsentrasies was beduidend gekorreleerd met basislyn (binne 20 dae na verkragting) totale PTSV-simptome, simptome wat herhaaldelik ervaar word / indringend is, simptome van vermyding / verdowing, hiper-opwekking. Kortisoonkonsentrasies, gemeet op ses maande (d.w.s. drie tot ses maande na verkragting), het aansienlik gekorreleer met vermyding / verdowingsimptome op drie maande na verkragting. 'n Beduidende, maar swak, negatiewe korrelasie is tussen DHEA-konsentrasies soos gemeet op drie maande (d.w.s. hormoonvlakke van die basislyn tot drie maande na verkragting) en die herervaring / indringing op drie maande na verkragting gevind. ‘n Beduidende, maar swak, positiewe korrelasie tussen DHEA soos gemeet op ses maande (d.w.s. hormoonvlakke van drie tot ses maande na verkragting) en totale PTSS, sowel as simptome van herervaring / indringing op drie maande na verkragting, is gevind. Hormoonkonsenstrasies was nie 'n voorspelling van die ontwikkeling van PTSS nie. By die basismeting (binne 20 dae na verkragting) is drie beduidende voorspellers van PTSS egter geidentifiseer. Die sterkste voorspeller van PTSS was depressie, gevolg deur vorige trauma (traumavrag / kumulatiewe trauma), en waargenome spanning. By die opvolging van drie maande is twee beduidende voorspellers van PTSS geidentifiseer: Die sterkste voorspeller van PTSS was traumavrag, gevolg deur depressie. Na ses maande opvolg is geen beduidende voorspellers van PTSS geidentifiseer nie.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Post-traumatic stress disorder in women, Female rape victims -- Mental health, Hair cortisol, UCTD
Citation