Risk factors of maternal overweight or obesity in pregnancy in Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Cape Town : a cross sectional study

Date
2024-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Background: Maternal overweight and/ obesity is a growing public health concern globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The risk factors contributing to maternal overweight/obesity in pregnancy include age, income, marital status (socioeconomic data), previous pregnancy complications, HIV status, non- communicable diseases in pregnancy (medical profile) excessive weight gain in pregnancy (anthropometric measurements), knowledge gaps and perceptions about overweight/obesity in pregnancy. These risk factors can affect the pregnancy outcome. Aim: To assess the risk factors of maternal overweight or obesity in pregnancy, in Mowbray Maternity Hospital (MMH), Cape Town. Method: This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved 200 pregnant women from their second trimester of pregnancy attending MMH, Cape Town, between September and October 2021, using the consecutive sampling method. The participants were categorized according to the Body Mass Index (BMI) in their first trimester based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) cut-off values for overweight/ obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2); non-overweight/obese and underweight (BMI 18,5-24,9 kg/m2 and BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 respectively). The risks of maternal overweight/obesity in pregnancy in MMH, Cape Town were compared between two groups i.e. participants with a BMI in the first trimester of either ≥ 25 kg/m2 (overweight/obese) or BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2 (non-overweight/obese and underweight). Data was collected by means of anthropometric measurements and self-administered questionnaires for the five sections of the study to meet the study aim and objectives. Data was analysed using multiple binomial regression analysis due to the outcome variable (first trimester BMI) being binary. Multivariate binomial regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for maternal overweight/obesity in pregnancy. Results: Of the total sample of n=200 participants, n=135 (67,5%) were overweight/obese (BMI in the first trimester ≥25 kg/m2.) and will be referred to as the overweight/obese group. The remaining n=65 (32.5%) is referred to as the non-obese group (BMI in the first trimester ≤ 24.9kg/m2). There were statistically significant relationships reported for the following risk factors of and maternal overweight/obesity in pregnancy: Age [OR] 1.03 [95% Cl, 1.01-1.04]), HIV/AIDS [OR] 1.15 [95% Cl, 1.02-1.31], Gestational diabetes [OR] 1.31 [95% Cl, 1.10-1.55], Pregnancy complications [OR] 1.24 [95% Cl, 1.03-1.50], Gravida [OR] 7.38E-44 [95% Cl, 7.38E-44-7.38E-44], and “Big is normal in my family” (p<0.0001). Gestational hypertension [OR] 1.20 [95% Cl, 0.99-145] indicated borderline statistical significance (p=0.057). Conclusion: This study assessed the risk factors of maternal overweight and/obesity during pregnancy. The Null hypothesis “There is no statistically significant relationship between maternal overweight or obesity and risk factors of maternal overweight and/ obesity in pregnancy in MMH, Cape Town”, is rejected for the following risk factors: Age, HIV/AIDS, Gestational diabetes, Pregnancy complications, Gravida, “Big is normal in my family” and “Big is attractive”. In cases where risk factors indicated statistically insignificant relationships, clinically important higher odds of maternal overweight/obesity were indicated that could have far reaching implications for pregnant mothers and their babies. A larger study sample may have achieved more statistically significant results.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Oorgewig en/vetsug by moeders is wereldwyd 'n groeiende bekommernis vir openbare gesondheidsorg, veral in lae- en middelinkomstelande. Die risikofaktore wat bydra tot moederlike oorgewig/vetsug tydens swangerskap sluit in ouderdom, inkomste, huwelikstatus (sosio-ekonomiese data), vorige swangerskapkomplikasies, MIV-status, nie-oordraagbare siektes tydens swangerskap (mediese profiel) oormatige gewigstoename tydens swangerskap (antropometriese metings), kennisgapings en persepsies oor oorgewig/vetsug tydens swangerskap. Hierdie risikofaktore kan die swangerskapuitkoms beinvloed. Doel: Om die risikofaktore van moederlike oorgewig of vetsug tydens swangerskap te assesseer, in Mowbray Kraamhospitaal (MMH), Kaapstad. Metode: Hierdie hospitaalgebaseerde deursneestudie het 200 swanger vroue van hul tweede trimester van swangerskap betrek wat MMH, Kaapstad, tussen September en Oktober 2021 bygewoon het, met behulp van die opeenvolgende steekproefmetode. Die deelnemers is gekategoriseer volgens die Liggaamsmassa-indeks (LMI) in hul eerste trimester gebaseer op die Wereldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) afsny waardes vir oorgewig/vetsug (LMI ≥ 25 kg/m2); nie-oorgewig/- vetsugtig en ondergewig (LMI 18,5-24,9 kg/m2 en BMI ≤ 18,5 kg/m2 onderskeidelik). Die risiko's vir moederlike oorgewig/vetsug tydens swangerskap in MMH, Kaapstad is vergelyk tussen twee groepe, dit wil se deelnemers met 'n LMI in die eerste trimester van of ≥ 25 kg/m2 (oorgewig/vetsugtig) of LMI ≤ 25 kg/m2 (nie-oorgewig/-vetsugtig en ondergewig). Data is deur middel van antropometriese metings en self-toegediende vraelyste vir die vyf afdelings van die studie ingesamel om die studiedoel en -doelwitte te bereik. Data is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van meervoudige binomiale regressie-analise as gevolg van die binere uitkomsveranderlike (eerste trimester LMI). Meerveranderlike binomiale regressie-analise is uitgevoer om die risikofaktore van moederlike oorgewig/vetsug tydens swangerskap te assesseer. Resultate: Van die totale steekproef van n=200 deelnemers was n=135 (67,5%) oorgewig/vetsugtig (LMI in die eerste trimester ≥25 kg/m2.) en word na verwys as die oorgewig/vetsugtige groep. Die oorblywende n=65 (32.5%) is na verwys as die nie-vetsugtige groep (LMI in die eerste trimester ≤ 24.9kg/m2). Daar is statisties beduidende verwantskappe gerapporteer vir die volgende risikofaktore en moederlike oorgewig/vetsug tydens swangerskap: Ouderdom [OF] 1.03 [95% Cl, 1.01-1.04]), MIV/VIGS [OF] 1.15 [95% Cl, 1.02-1.31 ], Swangerskapsdiabetes [OR] 1.31 [95% Cl, 1.10-1.55], Swangerskapskomplikasies [OF] 1.24 [95% Cl, 1.03-1.50], Gravida [OR] 7.38E-44 [95% Cl, 7.38E- 44-7.38E-44], en “Groot is normaal in my gesin” (p<0.0001). Swangerskap hipertensie [OR] 1.20 [95% Cl, 0.99-145] het gedui op grenslyn statistiese betekenisvolheid (p=0.057) Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie studie het die risikofaktore van moederlike oorgewig en/vetsug tydens swangerskap geassesseer. Die nulhipotese "Daar is geen statisties beduidende verband tussen moederlike oorgewig of vetsug en risikofaktore van moederlike oorgewig en/vetsug tydens swangerskap in MMH, Kaapstad nie", word vir die volgende risikofaktore verwerp: Ouderdom, MIV/VIGS, Swangerskapsdiabetes, Swangerskapkomplikasies, Gravida, "Groot is normaal in my gesin" en "Groot is aantreklik". In gevalle waar risikofaktore statisties onbeduidende verwantskappe aandui, is klinies belangrike hoer kanse op moederlike oorgewig/vetsug aangedui wat verreikende implikasies vir swanger moeders en hul babas kan he. ’n Groter studie steekproef sou dalk statisties meer beduidende resultate kon behaal het.
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Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2024.
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