The diversity and epidemiology of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevines and woody hosts surrounding vineyards in South Africa

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botryosphaeriaceae species are reported globally as causal agents of grapevine trunk diseases which translate to yield losses as well as a reduction in the productive lifespan of affected vines. Growers rely on management practises to try and prevent vines from becoming infected. However, despite decades of implementation, current disease management strategies do not fully protect grapevines from becoming infected. This highlights a need for an improved understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogens as well as the development of improved disease management strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae species occurring on both grapevines as well as other woody hosts within the wine growing regions of the Western Cape Province. In addition, the potential threat that these other hosts pose to the grapevine industry by acting as sources of pathogen inoculum was investigated by characterizing and comparing different populations of the pathogen N. stellenboschiana isolated from both grapevines as well as non-grapevine hosts. The species diversity survey reported 20 different Botryosphaeriaceae species from 38 different host species which were located within 50 m of vineyards. These represented 114 different host/ fungi combinations which were not previously known in South Africa. This survey was dominated by three Botryosphaeriaceae species, Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum australe and N. stellenboschiana which constituted 85.1% of all the isolates obtained during this survey. These species are also known grapevine pathogens and were reported from 19, 11 and 24 different host species respectively which highlights the broad host range of these economically important pathogens. The species diversity survey also yielded six new Botryosphaeriaceae species which were formally described and their pathogenicity towards grapevines and olive trees, where relevant, were assessed through field pathogenicity trials. All of the new species were shown to form lesions on grapevine or olive shoots which were comparable to those caused by known Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens, demonstrating the capacity of these species to act as pathogens of these economically important hosts. The population genetics study was carried out based on seven microsatellite markers which were demonstrated to be polymorphic in this study. This study reported that N. stellenboschiana populations from grapevines and other hosts at three different locations in the Western Cape Province were genetically homogenous. This indicates that there are no barriers which prevent the movement of N. stellenboschiana between grapevines and other hosts. These results are disconcerting because they imply that woody hosts surrounding grapevines which are infected with Botryosphaeriaceae grapevine pathogens could be acting as disease reservoirs and sources of pathogen inoculum which threaten vineyards. To conclude, this study furthered our understanding of the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae species occurring in woody hosts that commonly surround vineyards in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and described six new species. Furthermore, this study has contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogens by demonstrating that the alternative hosts of Botryosphaeriaceae grapevine trunk disease pathogens represent a threat to grapevines by acting as sources of pathogen inoculum. This helps to lay the groundwork for future studies to address this threat by developing improved pathogen management strategies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botryosphaeriaceae spesies word wêreldwyd as wingerd stampatogene geag wat verliese in opbrengste veroorsaak, asook die produktiewe leeftyd van geaffekteerde wingerdstokke verkort. Wingerdboere maak staat op siektebeheerstrategieë om te voorkom dat wingerdstokke geïnfekteer word deur Botryosphaeriaceae patogene. Ten spyte van die feit dat hierdie strategieë al vir dekades lank geïmplimenteer word, is dit steeds nie voldoende om infeksie te voorkom nie. Dit beklemtoon die tekort aan inligting oor die epidemiologie van hierdie patogene en dui op die behoefte aan meer effektiewe siektebeheer maatreëls. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die diversiteit van Botryosphaeriaceae spesies wat op beide wingerdstokke, asook op ander houtagtige gashere in die wynland van die Weskaap voorkom, te bepaal. Hierdie studie het verder die potensiële gevaar ondersoek wat ingehou word deur sulke gashere vir die wingerdindustrie, deur verskillende populasies van die wingerdpatogeen, N.stellenboschiana, te karakteriseer en te vergelyk met mekaar. Hierdie populasies wasgeïsoleer van beide wingerd en ander gashere. Die opname om die patogeen spesie diversiteit te bepaal, het 20 verskillende Botryosphaeriaceae spesies rapporteer vanaf 38 verskillende gasheer spesies wat voorgekom het binne ‘n distansie van 50 m vanaf wingerde. Hierdie resultate verteenwoordig 114 verskillende gasheer-fungi kombinasies wat nog nie voorheen in Suid Afrika gerapporteer is nie. Die drie mees algemene Botryosphaeriaceae spesies wat tydens die opname gevind is, is Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum australe en N. Stellenboschiana, wat saam 85.1% van die totale isolate opgemaak het wat tydens hierdie opname geïdentifiseer is. Hierdie is almal bekende wingerd patogene wat op, onderskeidelik, 19, 11 en 24 verskillende gasheer spesies gevind is. Hierdie resultate beklemtoon die breë spektrum van gashere waarop hierdie wingerdpatogene voorkom. Die opname het ook ses nuwe Botryosphaeriaceae spesies opgelewer wat formeel beskryf is. Die vermoë van hierdie nuwe spesies om as patogene van wingerd en olywe op te tree, is ook ondersoek deur middel van patogenesiteitsproewe in die veld. Al hierdie spesies het letsels gevorm in jong lote, wat vergelykbaar was met dié van bekende patogene. Dit dui daarop dat die nuwe spesies die vermoë het om as patogene van hierdie twee ekonomiese belangrike gashere op te tree. Die populasie genetika studie is uitgevoer met behulp van sewe verskillende mikrosatelliet merkers, wat bewys is om polimeriese eienskappe te hê. Hierdie studie het gevind dat N. stellenboschiana populasies wat afkomstig is van wingerdstokke, asook ander gashere, van drie verskillende areas in die Weskaap genetiese homologie toon. Dit dui aan dat daar geen versperrings is wat die verspreiding van N. stellenboschiana tussen wingerdstokke en ander gashere verhoed nie. Dit is kommerwekkend omdat dit insinueer dat houtagtige gashere wat rondom wingerde voorkom, en wat geïnfekteer is met Botryosphaeriaceae patogene, optree as bronne van inokulum wat ʼn direkte dreigement vir wingerdstokke inhou. Ten slotte, hierdie studie het ons begrip van die Botryosphaeriaceae spesie diversiteit wat op wingerdstokke, en ander gashere wat algemeen rondom wingerde in die Weskaap van Suid Afrika voorkom, verbeter. Daar is ook ses nuwe spesies beskryf. Die studie het verder ook bygedra tot ons begrip van die epidemiologie van hierdie patogene deur te bewys dat die alternatiewe gashere van wingerdstampatogene as bronne van patogeen inokulum dien, wat wingerdstokke bedreig. Hierdie studie help dus om die fondasie te lê vir verdere studies wat hierdie dreigemente van wingerde moet aanspreek deur verbeterde siektebeheer strategieë te ontwikkel.
Description
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Botryosphaeriaceae -- Pathogenesis, Taxonomy, Grapevines -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Woody plants -- Diseases and pests -- Control, Microsatellites (Genetics), Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana, Grapes -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa, Pathogenicity, UCTD
Citation