Civil society, state and democracy

Date
1994
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently, the claim that a vibrant, independent and autonomous civil society is vital for sustaining a democratic dispensation in South Africa, has been put forward. This claim has lead to a lively. debate amongst political theorists and activists alike. As a concerned democrat and student of Philosophy, I set out to critically and creatively examine the above claim. The result was this thesis - an attempt to come to an understanding of the concept "civil society", its relationship to the state and most importantly, from a South African perspective, its relationship to democracy. This is, admittedly, a vast topic. However, the numerous questions which immediately arise, act as signposts in how to proceed forward into this conceptual jungle. These questions include the following: What is understood by the concept "civil society?" How has its meaning changed over time? What is the relationship between civil society and the state? What is the connection between civil society and democracy? Why has this concept emerged in recent political theory? What themes dominate the civil society debate in South Africa? Is there such a concept as a civil "civil society?" and most. importantly, llow can, and what sort of civil society serves to promote and sustain a democratic dispensation? To begin with, Chapter One examines the different ways in which the concept 0civil society" has been understood by major thinkers from Aristotle to Gramsci. The importance of examining classical and theoretical debates and conceptualisations of civil society lies in establishing how these inform contemporary civil society agents' understanding. By providing some indication on what "civil society" and by extension, its relationship to the state, has meant for earlier generations, an attempt is made to unravel the "conceptual undergrowth" which clouds the South African debate on civil society. Moving from the past to contemporary thinkers, Chapter Two has as its focus, the way in which civil society, its relationship to the state and to democracy, is understood by certain contemporary democratic theorists. Keane and Held's idea of "double-democratization" which concerns itself with the appropriate institutional arrangements for civil society and the state in a democratic dispensation, is taken seriously. Firstly however, the essential characteristics of civil society are isolated with the following purpose: to establish an evaluative framework against which to judge the South African debate on civil society, focus of the next chapter. Having accomplished the necessary, general theoretical background, Chapter Three addresses the local debate on civil society, its relationship to the state and democracy. By asking specific questions of representative texts in the South African debate, the work of three South African theorists (namely Friedman, Swilling and Nzimande - representing a Liberal, Democratic-Socialist and Marxist view respectively) highlights the ideological differences and complexities of - positions in the local debate. Interactive, as well as general criticisms conclude this chapter. Bearing in mind the current South African situation dominated by violence, the final chapter of this thesis pleads for the notion of a civil "civil society". The importance of political practice and the way in which it impinges on political reality is stressed by looking at various texts which highlight the connection between "civil society" and "civility".
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onlangs is daar die bewering gemaak dat 'n lewendige, onafhanklike en outonome burgerlike gemeenskap noodsaaklik is vir die handhawing van 'n demokratiese bedeling in S,uid-Afrika. Die bewering het tot 'n vurige debat onder politieke teoretici sowel as aktiviste gely. As 'n besorgte demokraat en 'n student in die Filosofie t1et ek onderneem om hierdie bewering op 'n kritiese en kreatiewe wyse te ondersoek. Hierdie tesis is die uiteindelike resultaat van daardie onderneming - 'n poging om tot 'n begrip van die konsep "burgelike gemeenskap" te kom en die verhouding daarvan tot die staat en - nog meer belangrik vanuit 'n Suid-Afrikaanse oogpunt - die demokrasie te verstaan. Sonder twyfel 'n baie wye onderwerp! En tog, die menige vrae wat onmiddellik na vore kom, dien as bakens wat die pad vorentoe aandui deur die konseptuele wildernis. Hierdie vrae sluit die volgende in: Wat word met die begrip "burgerlike gemeenskap" bedoel? Hoe het die betekenis daarvan met verloop van tyd verander? Wat is die verhouding tussen burgerlike gemeenskap en die staat? Wat is die verhouding tussen burgerlike gemeenskap en demokrasie? Waarom het die begrip in hedendaagse politieke teorie weer na vore gekom? Wat is die hoof temas in die debat oor burgelike gemeenskap in Suid-Afrika? Bestaan daar iets soos "burgerlike" burgelike gemeenskap? Hoe kan, en watter soort van burgerlike gemeenskap sal 'n demokratiese bedeling bevorder en bestendig? As beginpunt word in hoofstuk een die verskillende wyses waarop die begrip "burgerlike gemeenskap" verstaan is deur belangrike denkers sedert Ar.i~ta;'tbt en met Gramsci ondersoek. Deur die betekenis van die begrip vir vroeere generasies - en daardeur ook die verhouding daarvan tot die staat - te ondersoek, word daar probeer om die konseptuele onderbou wat in die SuidAfrikaanse debat aangaande burgerlike gemeenskap verdoesel word, in oenskou te neem. In die tweede hoofstuk word op hedendaagse denkers gefokus. Die fokus van hierdie hoofstuk is die manier waarop "burgerlike gemeenskap" en die verhouding daarvan tot die staat en die demokrasie verstaan word deur demokrasie-teoretici. Keane en Held se sienings van "dubbele demokratisering" wat handel oor die institutionele reeling van die burgerlike gemeenskap word ernstig opgeneem. Tog word die noodsaaklike eienskappe van burgerlike gemeenskap eerstens uitgesonder met die doel om 'n konseptuele raamwerk daar te stel waarteen die Suid-Afrikaanse debat aangaande burgerlike gemeenskap beoordeel kan word. Nadat die noodsaaklike, algemene teoreUese agtergrond bespreek is, word die plaaslike debat oor burgerlike gemeenskap en die verhouding daarvan tot die staat en die demokrasie dan in die derde hoofstuk ondersoek. Deur spesifieke vrae te oorweeg aan die hand van verteenwoordigende tekste van drie teoretici (nl. Friedman, Swilling en Nzimande - wat onder_skeidelik liberale, demokratiessosialisties en Marxistiese sienings verteenwoordig) word die ideologiese verskille en die problematiek van die drie belangrikste posisies in die SuidAfrikaanse debat ontbloot. Die hoofstuk sluit af met 'n kritiese beoordeling waarin die drie standpunte krities op mekaar betrek word, asook algemene kritiek uitgespreek word. In die lig daarvan dat Suid-Afrika tans deur geweld oorheers word, bepleit die laaste hoofstuk 'n beskouing van 'n "beskaafde" burgelike gemeenskap. Dit word ondersteun deur te wys op die belang van politieke praktyk en die wyse waarop dit bepalend is vir die politieke werklikheid. Om dit te beklemtoon word daar gekyk na verskeie tekste wat fokus op die •verband tussen "burgerlike gemeenskap" en beskaafdheid.
Description
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 1994.
Keywords
Civil society -- Philosophy, Civil society -- South Africa, State, The -- Philosophy, Political philosophy, Civil society
Citation