Healthcare providers’ stigma towards people with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures

Date
2023-03
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) is a mental health condition through which seizures are somatically manifested as a result of psychological distress. Owing to PNES, patients presenting with seizures which are of a psychological, rather than a physiological origin, are often perceived to be unpredictable and less deserving of care by healthcare providers (HCPs). This is mainly related to the general attitude held within the wider healthcare system that PNES should not be regarded as a clinical entity, as well as HCPs’ relative limited knowledge about the condition. As a result, PNES patients face a high degree of stigma from HCPs, which thus has a negative effect on their diagnostic and treatment procedures. Moreover, there is limited awareness about stigma towards people with PNES. The majority of PNES studies have been conducted within well-resourced settings, and not enough attention has been paid to stigma directed towards these patients. Additionally, very little is known about the PNES population within South Africa. However, what is known, is that multiple barriers exist for healthcare services in South Africa, inclusive of a lack of resources and accessibility of HCPs, which may, in turn, heighten stigma. This study thus aimed to explore HCPs’ stigma towards people with PNES. Particular focus was given to understanding HCPs’ experience and knowledge of PNES, discovering the attitudes held by HCPs towards working with PNES as a mental health condition, and exploring HCPs’ views of how their stigma manifests towards people with PNES. Thirteen HCPs, who are specialised in the diagnosis and/or treatment and management of PNES, were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling, and formed the final participant group. Semi-structured individual interviews with broad open-ended questions were utilised to obtain in-depth information from the HCPs. Their responses were analysed through a reflexive thematic process. All themes that were identified during the data analysis stage were conceptualised according to The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework (Stangl et al., 2019). Particularly, six main themes were identified, namely: (i) contextual factors (which indirectly influence stigma); (ii) HCPs’ frustration with PNES patients; (iii) HCPs’ relative level of knowledge; (iv) diagnostic terms; (v) stigma, and (vi) strategies to reduce stigma. The findings suggest that HCPs tended to be overwhelmed with their work schedule owing to limited aid and support, and, in turn, were unable to provide sufficient services to their patients. Subsequently, the HCPs believed that their patients would perceive them as being unfair and stigmatising. Additionally, the HCPs expressed that they experienced great degrees of frustration with their PNES patients, owing to their patients’ inability to accept their diagnosis and overall personality. This unfortunately resulted in them developing negative feelings towards their patients. Furthermore, when the HCPs did not have an adequate understanding of PNES, they were less able to shield themselves from non-factual and stigmatising beliefs about the condition. A pertinent problem identified was the use of inappropriate diagnostic terms, as well as the inability to agree on a single diagnostic term for PNES, which consequently led to patients’ symptoms being disregarded or misunderstood. In addition, the HCPs presented with mixed reviews about their own personal stigma, with many of them also viewing their colleagues as the actual stigmatising individuals. Some HCPs reported that a hospital setting contributed towards stigma, whereas others did not hold this belief. The HCPs also disclosed that many HCPs, in general, tend to be dismissive and display negative attitudes towards their PNES patients. It was often noted that HCPs would refer their patients, as they no longer wished to engage with them. Many HCPs also questioned if their patients’ symptoms were real. Whilst the HCPs were able to share their perspectives on stigma towards people with PNES, they also provided valuable insights in relation to strategies to reduce stigma, thus demonstrating their genuine interest in wanting the best outcomes for their patients. This current study is the first to explore stigma towards people with PNES within South Africa. Further research is needed in relation to this topic in order to raise more awareness about PNES and stigma.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Psigogeniese Nie-Epileptiese Aanvalle (PNEA) is ʼn geestesgesondheidstoestand waar aanvalle somaties manifesteer as gevolg van sielkundige ongemak. As gevolg van PNEA, word pasiënte wat aanvalle kry wat van 'n sielkundige, eerder as 'n fisiologiese oorsprong is, dikwels beskou as onvoorspelbaar en minder verdienstelik vir sorg deur gesondheidsorgverskaffers (GSV). Dit hou hoofsaaklik verband met die algemene houding wat in die breër gesondheidsorgstelsel gehuldig word dat PNEA nie as 'n kliniese entiteit beskou moet word nie, asook GSV wat 'n relatiewe beperkte kennis oor die toestand het. Gevolglik staar PNEA-pasiënte 'n hoë mate van stigma van GSV in die gesig, wat dus 'n negatiewe uitwerking op hul diagnostiese en behandelingsprosedures het. Boonop is daar beperkte bewustheid oor stigma teenoor mense met PNEA. Die meerderheid PNEA-studies is uitgevoer binne omgewings met goeie hulpbronne, en nie genoeg aandag is geskenk aan stigma wat op hierdie pasiënte gerig is nie. Boonop is baie min bekend oor die PNEA-bevolking binne Suid-Afrika. Wat egter bekend is, is dat daar verskeie hindernisse vir gesondheidsorgdienste in Suid-Afrika bestaan, insluitend 'n gebrek aan hulpbronne en toeganklikheid van GSV, wat weer stigma kan verhoog. Hierdie studie het dus ten doel gehad om GSV se stigma teenoor mense met PNEA te ondersoek. Spesifieke fokus is gegee aan die verstaan van GSV se ervaring en kennis van PNEA, die ontdekking van die houdings wat deur GSV gehuldig word teenoor die werk met PNEA as 'n geestesgesondheidstoestand, en die ondersoek van GSV se sienings van hoe hul stigma teenoor mense met PNEA manifesteer. Dertien GSV, wat in die diagnose en/of behandeling en bestuur van PNEA gespesialiseerd is, is deur doelgerigte en sneeubalsteekproefneming gewerf, en het die finale deelnemergroep gevorm. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met breë oop vrae is gebruik om in-diepte inligting van die HCP's te verkry. Hulle antwoorde is deur 'n refleksiewe tematiese proses ontleed. Alle temas wat tydens die data-analise-stadium geïdentifiseer is, is gekonseptualiseer volgens die Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework (Stangl et al., 2019). Spesifiek, ses hooftemas is geïdentifiseer, naamlik: (i) kontekstuele faktore (wat stigma indirek beïnvloed); (ii) GSV se frustrasie met PNEA-pasiënte; (iii) GSV se relatiewe vlak van kennis; (iv) diagnostiese terme; (v) stigma, en (vi) strategieë om stigma te verminder. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat GSV geneig was om oorweldig te word met hul werkskedule as gevolg van beperkte hulp en ondersteuning, en op hul beurt nie in staat was om voldoende dienste aan hul pasiënte te verskaf nie. Daarna het die GSV geglo dat hul pasiënte hulle as onregverdig en stigmatiserend sou beskou. Daarbenewens het die GSV uitgespreek dat hulle groot mate van frustrasie met hul PNEA-pasiënte ervaar het, as gevolg van hul pasiënte se onvermoë om hul diagnose en algehele persoonlikheid te aanvaar. Dit het ongelukkig daartoe gelei dat hulle negatiewe gevoelens teenoor hul pasiënte ontwikkel het. Verder, wanneer die GSV nie 'n voldoende begrip van PNEA gehad het nie, was hulle minder in staat om hulself te beskerm teen nie-feitelike en stigmatiserende oortuigings oor die toestand. 'n Pertinente probleem wat geïdentifiseer is, was die gebruik van onvanpaste diagnostiese terme, sowel as die onvermoë om oor 'n enkele diagnostiese term vir PNEA saam te stem, wat gevolglik daartoe gelei het dat pasiënte se simptome verontagsaam of misverstaan is. Daarbenewens het die GSV gemengde resensies oor hul eie persoonlike stigma aangebied, met baie van hulle wat ook hul kollegas as die werklike stigmatiserende individue beskou het. Sommige GSV het gerapporteer dat 'n hospitaalomgewing bygedra het tot stigma, terwyl ander nie hierdie oortuiging gehuldig het nie. Die GSV het ook onthul dat baie GSV in die algemeen geneig is om minagtend te wees en negatiewe houdings teenoor hul PNEApasiënte te toon. Daar is dikwels opgemerk dat GSV hul pasiënte sou verwys, aangesien hulle nie meer by hulle betrokke wou wees nie. Baie GSV het ook bevraagteken of hul pasiënte se simptome werklik was. Alhoewel die GSV in staat was om hul perspektiewe oor stigma teenoor mense met PNEA te deel, het hulle ook waardevolle insigte verskaf met betrekking tot strategieë om stigma te verminder, en sodoende hul opregte belangstelling getoon om die beste uitkomste vir hul pasiënte te wil hê. Hierdie huidige studie is die eerste wat stigma teenoor mense met PNEA binne SuidAfrika ondersoek. Verdere navorsing is nodig met betrekking tot hierdie onderwerp om meer bewustheid oor PNEA en stigma te kweek.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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