Radiation shielding design for sealed radioactive gamma-ray and neutron sources: measurements and modeling

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Adequacy of the radiation shielding implemented for sealed radioactive sources used at the University was evaluated and improved. Three different setups were investi- gated; 1. neutron activation drum, 2. radioactive-source store, and 3. gamma-ray container. Gamma-ray and neutron dose rate measurements were performed for the 5.8 GBq 241Am-Be neutron source inside the neutron activation drum in the labora- tory, as well as in and around the radioactive-source store in the Department. The radiation shielding design of the neutron activation drum and the radioactive-source store was modeled using the Monte Carlo radiation transport code FLUKA. Fur- thermore, the shielding container for gamma-ray sources was modeled and designed. Dose rates in the areas around the laboratory were at the natural background levels (0.1 μSv/h), except in the next-door laboratory close to the wall near the neutron activation drum. Dose rates were above acceptable limits inside the laboratory. The largest contribution was due to neutrons that leak out of the drum due to inade- quate shielding while gamma rays were effectively attenuated. It is recommended that at the time of neutron activation experiments, one should reduce stay times to short times when placing the neutron source inside the drum and taking it out. These times should be less than 20 minutes stay time 5 cm away from the drum side. The measured and simulated neutron dose rates were comparable, with the simulated neutron dose rates being slightly higher than the measured dose rates by a factor of 1.3 and 1.8 on the top drum surface and 5 cm horizontally away from the drum, respectively. For the radioactive-source store, measurements and simulations suggested safe ra- diation levels around the radioactive-source store with dose rates at the natural background radiation levels (0.1 μSv/h). An implication was that the next-door offices could be accessed without restrictions. Inside the radioactive-source store, however, dose rates were above acceptable levels. Therefore, it was concluded that the implemented radiation shielding was inadequate for maintaining dose rates at safe levels. The simulated gamma-ray dose rates alone were at natural background radiation levels. However, it was found from the comparison of results that gamma- ray dose rates were mainly due to the gamma-ray sources stored in the storeroom. Significantly high neutron dose rates were also resulting from the 241Am-Be neutron sources in the soil moisture gauges inside the storeroom. It was suggested that the radiation shielding for the 5.8 GBq 241Am-Be neutron source should be improved by increasing the thickness of paraffin wax around the source to 28 cm. A new gamma-ray shielding container was simulated, showing that 7 cm-thick lead attenuated gamma rays and reduced dose rates by 97 % on the container surface.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toereikendheid van die stralingsafskerming wat ge ̈ımplementeer is vir verse ̈elde radioaktiewe bronne wat by die Universiteit gebruik word, is ge ̈evalueer en ver- beter. Drie verskillende opstellings is ondersoek; 1. neutronaktiveringsdrom, 2. radioaktiewe bronstoor, en 3. gammastraalhouer. Gammastraal- en neutrondo- sistempometings is uitgevoer vir die 5.8 GBq 241Am-Be neutronbron binne die neutronaktiveringsdrom in die laboratorium, sowel as in en om die radioaktiewe bronstoor in die Departement. Die stralingsafskermontwerp van die neutronak- tiveringsdrom en die radioaktiewe bronstoor is gemodelleer deur die Monte Carlo- stralingsvervoerkode FLUKA te gebruik. Verder is die afskermhouer vir gammas- traalbronne gemodelleer en ontwerp. Dosishoeveelhede in die areas rondom die laboratorium was op die vlak van die natuurlike agtergrond (0.1 μSv/h), behalwe in die langsaan-laboratorium naby die muur naby die neutron-aktiveringsdrom. Die grootste bydrae was van neutrone wat uit die drom lek as gevolg van onvoldoende afskerming terwyl gammastrale effektief verminder is. Dit word aanbeveel dat vertoeftye tydens neutronaktiveringseksperi- mente so kort as moontlik gehou word wanneer die neutronbron in die drom geplaas en uitgehaal word. Vertoeftye van minder as 20 minute op ’n afstand van 5 cm vanaf die dromkant word aanbeveel. Die gemete en gesimuleerde neutrondosistempo’s was vergelykbaar, met die gesimuleerde neutrondosistempo’s wat ’n faktor van 1.3 op die boonste dromoppervlak en 1.8 op ’n horisontale afstand van 5 cm weg van die drom af effens ho ̈er was as die gemete dosistempo’s. Vir die radioaktiewe bronstoor het metings en simulasies veilige bestralingsvlakke rondom die radioaktiewe bronstoor voorgestel met dosistempo’s by die natuurlike agtergrondstralingsvlakke (0.1 μSv/h). Gevolglik kan toegang tot die aangrensende kantore sonder beperkings verkry word. Binne die radioaktiewe bronstoor was do- sistempo’s egter bo aanvaarbare vlakke. Daar is dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die ge ̈ımplementeerde stralingsafskerming onvoldoende was om dosistempo’s op veilige vlakke te handhaaf. Die gesimuleerde gammastraal dosistempo’s alleen was by natuurlike agtergrondstralingsvlakke. Daar is egter uit die vergelyking van resultate gevind dat gammastraal dosistempo’s hoofsaaklik te wyte was aan die gammastraalbronne wat in die stoorkamer gestoor is. Aansienlike ho ̈e neutrondosis- tempo’s was ook die gevolg van die 241Am-Be neutronbronne in die grondvogmeters binne die stoorkamer. Daar is voorgestel dat die stralingsafskerming vir die 5.8 GBq 241Am-Be neutronbron verbeter moet word deur die dikte van paraffienwas rondom die bron tot 28 cm te verhoog. ’n Nuwe gammastraal-afskermhouer is gesimuleer, wat toon dat 7 cm-dik lood gam- mastrale genoegsaam verswak het en dosistempo’s met 97 % verminder het.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Radiation shielding -- Design, Sealed radioactive, Neutron sources, Monte Carlo method --Simulation methods, Shielding (Radiation) -- Mathematical models, Radiation sources -- Measurement, Gamma rays -- Experiments, UCTD
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