The quest for safe irrigation water: investigating uv irradiation treatment of river water to reduce microbial loads

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Several studies have investigated the microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of some Western Cape rivers used as sources of irrigation water for fresh produce. During this study, four Western Cape rivers were studied. The findings have shown that some of the rivers may pose a public health risk for consumers and jeopardise fresh produce safety, as tests indicated that Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts often exceeded the recommended irrigation water guidelines. As a water disinfection treatment, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has proven to be effective and environmentally friendly, however, the application is still relatively novel in South Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate UV irradiation treatment of river water to reduce microbial loads, for improved fresh produce safety. In the first research chapter (chapter 3), the variation in microbial and physico-chemical characteristics of a Western Cape river system over a longer distance (including sites that were after confluence points with other rivers) was investigated. The results showed that the water quality of one river system varies at different sampling sites, often exceeding guideline limits. Ultraviolet transmission (UVT %) and E. coli counts ranged from 28.00 to 90.40% and 2.322 to 3.913 log CFU.mL ̄¹, respectively. Several point and non-point pollution sources along the river could have resulted in the variations observed. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Extended spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL) – producing Enterobacteriaceae were detected at certain water sites. These results suggested that, left untreated, water from this river could affect fresh produce safety as a result of microbial transfer that can occur during irrigation. The second research chapter investigated the effect of low-pressure, lab-scale UV doses (20, 40 and 60 mJ.cm ̄²) on the Heterotrophic Plate count (HPC) and Total Psychrotrophic Aerobic Bacteria Count (TPAC) populations. Results indicated that these populations showed UV resistance, and certain pathogens such as Bacillus cereus and Aeromonas hydrophila were identified from the surviving populations. It was also observed that UV irradiation eliminated most STEC and ESBL-producing strains, which is an important observation considering the advantages UV disinfection can have for fresh produce safety. In the third research chapter larger volumes of river water (1 000L) were treated in a medium- pressure UV disinfection pilot plant. Four different bag filters (5, 20, 50 & 100 μm) were evaluated as a pre-treatment step prior to UV disinfection, with the purpose of improving the water quality. Results showed slight improvements in suspended solids, with minimal reductions in dissolved and microbial content. However, bag filters with the smallest pore size of 5 μm showed best results. Medium-pressure UV treatment at pilot-scale was tested on large volumes (1 000 L) of water from three rivers. Results showed that the efficacy of the UV system is highly dependent on the water quality of the river. A single 20 mJ.cm⁻² UV dose was applied, followed by a second UV dose of 20 mJ.cm⁻² for each of the three rivers. The results indicated that E. coli, coliforms, STEC and ESBL- producing Enterobacteriaceae were inactivated with some HPC colonies showing UV resistance. In addition, other important pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes that was detected in some the rivers, did not survive the lowest UV dose of 20 mJ.cm ̄². Overall, it was established in this study that the water quality varies in river systems, where untreated river water often exceeded irrigation water limits. The efficacy of both the low-pressure laboratory-scale, and medium-pressure pilot-scale UV systems are highly dependent on the initial physicochemical water quality of the river treated. The UV dose response of microorganisms differed, as some survived the UV radiation applied, which should be monitored for pathogenic bacteria. However, with proper pre-treatment and UV dose optimisation, UV irradiation can effectively reduce pathogenic microbial loads to acceptable levels. This method shows potential for upscaling to on- farm UV disinfection of irrigation water.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie studies het al die mikrobiologiese en fisies-chemiese kenmerke van sommige Wes-Kaapse riviere, wat as bronne van besproeiingswater vir vars produkte gebruik word, ondersoek. Die bevindinge van hierdie studies het gewys dat sommige van die riviere ‘n gesondheidsrisiko vir verbruikers kan inhou, asook die veiligheid van vars produkte in gevaar stel. Die toetse het aangedui dat Escherichia coli (E. coli)-tellings dikwels die voorgestelde besproeiingswaterriglyne oorskry. Ultraviolet (UV)-bestraling, as waterontsmettingsbehandeling, is bewys as ‘n doeltreffende en omgewingsvriendelike metode. In Suid-Afrika is the toepassing van UV-bestraling nog nuut, daarom was die doel van hierdie studie om UV-bestralingsbehandeling van rivierwater te ondersoek om sodoende mikrobiese tellings te verminder en verbeterde varsprodukveiligheid te verseker. Die eerste navorsingshoofstuk (Hoofstuk 3) is die variasie in mikrobiese en fisies-chemiese kenmerke van ‘n Wes-Kaapse-rivierstelsel oor ‘n langer afstand ondersoek. Resultate het getoon dat die waterkwaliteit van een rivierstelsel by verskillende plekke verskil en dat die riglynlimiete dikwels oorskry word. Ultraviolet-transmissie (UVT%) en E. coli-tellings het gewissel van 28.00 tot 90.40 % en 2.322 tot 3.913 log CFU.mL ̄¹, onderskeidelik. Verskeie punt- en nie-punt- besoedelingsbronne langs die rivier kon gelei het tot die variasie wat waargeneem is. Shiga-toksienproduserende Escherichia coli (STEC) en uitgebreide spektrum beta-laktamase (ESBL)-produserende Enterobacteriaceae is by sekere punte van die rivierstelsel opgespoor. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat onbehandelde water uit hierdie rivier varsprodukveiligheid kan beïnvloed, as gevolg van mikrobiese oordrag wat moontlik tydens besproeiing kan voorkom. Die tweede navorsingshoofstuk (Hoofstuk 4) het die effek van laedruk, laboratoriumskaal UV-dosisse (20, 40 en 60 mJ.cm ̄²) op die Heterotrofiese Plaattelling (HPC) en Totale Psigotrofiese Aerobiese Bakterietelling (TPAC)-populasies ondersoek. Resultate het aangedui dat hierdie populasies UV-weerstand toon waar sekere patogene uit die oorlewende populasies geïdentifiseer is. Daar is ook waargeneem dat UV-bestraling die STEC en ESBL-produserende organismes van hierdie studie uitgeskakel het. In die derde navorsingshoofstuk (Hoofstuk 5) is groter volumes rivierwater (1 000L) in ‘n mediumdruk UV-ontsmettingsloodsaanleg behandel. Vier verskillende sakfilters (5, 20, 50 en 100 μm) is geëvalueer as ‘n voorbehandelingstap voor UV-ontsmetting, met die doel om die waterkwaliteit te verbeter. Resultate het getoon dat gesuspendeerde vastestowwe effektief deur die sakfilters verminder word, met minimale verlagings in opgeloste en mikrobiese inhoud. Sakfilters met die kleinste poriegrootte van 5 μm het egter die beste resultate getoon. Mediumdruk UV-behandeling op proefskaal is op groter volumes water uit die drie riviere getoets. Resultate het getoon dat die doeltreffendheid van die UV-stelsel hoogs afhanklik is van die rivier se waterkwaliteit. ‘n Enkele 20 mJ.cm ̄² UV-dosis is toegedien, gevolg deur ‘n tweede UV-dosis van 20 mJ.cm ̄² vir elk van die drie riviere. Die resultate het aangedui dat E. coli, kolivorme, STEC en ESBL- produserende Enterobacteriaceae geïnaktiveer is met sommige HPC-kolonies wat UV-weerstand toon. Verder het ander belangrike patogene soos Listeria monocytogenes wat in sommige van die riviere opgespoor is, nie die laagste UV-dosis van 20 mJ.cm ̄² oorleef nie. Ten slotte is daar in hierdie studie vasgestel dat die waterkwaliteit in rivierstelsels, waar onbehandelde rivierwater dikwels besproeiingswaterlimiete oorskry, verskil. Die doeltreffenheid van beide die laedruk laboratorium-skaal en mediumdruk proefskaal UV-stelsel is hoogs afhanklik van die aanvanklike fisies-chemiese waterkwaliteit van die rivier wat behandel word. Die UV-dosisreaksie van mikroörganismes het verskil, aangesien sommige die toegediende UV-bestraling oorleef het. Met behoorlike voorbehandeling en UV-dosisoptimisering kan UV-bestraling egter effektief patogeniese tellings tot aanvaarbare vlakke verminder. Hierdie metode toon potensiaal vir die opgradering na plaas UV-ontsmettingstelsels van besproeiingswater.
Description
Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Irrigation -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Food safety, Water -- Purification -- Irradiation, Water -- Microbiology, Water -- Quality -- South Africa -- Western Cape, Microbial loads, Water disinfection treatment, UCTD
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