Recovery and functionalization of cellulosic fibers from pulp and paper mill waste streams

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Pulp and paper mills lose between 1 to 3% of their production to waste effluent. The effluent contains cellulosic fibre which is normally discarded as sludge to landfills or is incinerated. This is a waste of valuable resources. The objectives of the current project were: (i) identify waste streams in Kraft pulp and paper mills, (ii) develop and validate a method to recover these fibres and (iii) to develop and validate a method to functionalize the recovered fibres to nanocellulose. The recovery method was developed based on fibre size distribution and validated based on flotation efficiency (> 55%) while the functionalization method was based on forming nanocellulose gel-like suspensions within 5 min of mechanical treatment. The waste sources were categorized into continuous and batch losses. The largest source of continuous waste is from the paper machine whitewater not treated by save-all devices (a unit installed to recover fiber internally) whereas, the greatest batch losses occur during grade changes. Sludge samples were collected from various sampling points in the Kraft mill bleaching plant as well as from paper machine broke systems and paper machine cut-offs or trimmings. The fibres from these locations are normally sprayed into paper machine, alkaline and acid effluent drains. Fibres from the effluent streams were recovered by flotation with colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) generated using two types of non-ionic surfactants (synthetic and green-based). The average size of fibres collected were 93±3.1, 72±3.9 and 93±5.3 𝜇𝑚 for paper machine, alkaline and acid effluent streams. The synthetic surfactant used was Triton X-100 and the alternative, green-based surfactant tested was N-Dodecyl 𝛽-D-maltoside (DDM). The average recovery efficiencies achieved by both surfactants were between 50 and 78%. DDM is a promising alternative to Triton X-100 and achieved similar efficiencies. Functionalization of nanocellulose fibres was achieved by phosphorylation pre-treatment using ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate and urea in the ratio 1:1.2:19.6, which gave nanocellulose gel-like suspensions within 5 min of blending using a high speed blender (900 W nutribullet). The suspensions obtained were highly heterogeneous by being both in the microscale (1.0 to 2.0 𝜇m) and nanoscale ranges (50 to 800 nm). Alcohol insoluble (95% ethanol) films were made from these recovered fibres. The results obtained after validating the fibre recovery and functionalization methods formed a basis for evaluating the feasibility of using soft sensors to predict the quality of nanocellulose produced. The properties of the fibres collected along the different stages in the bleaching sequence produced nanocellulose materials with varying quality as determined by particle size distribution and other measured properties of the recovered fibres like zeta potential (between -31 and -58 mV ) and crystallinity indices (between 13 to 27%). By using index quality models combined with near-infrared spectroscopy results a soft sensor can be developed that can accurately predicted the quality of the nanocellulose material produced. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that all effluent streams can be combined into a single waste source from which fibres can be recovered and functionalized to high-value products like nanocellulose.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Pulp-en-papiermeule verloor tussen 1 en 3 % van hul produksie aan afvaluitvloeisel. Die uitvloeisel bevat sellulosiese vesel wat normaalweg weggegooi word as slyk in vullishope, of verbrand word. Hierdie is ’n mors van waardevolle hulpbronne. Die doel van hierdie projek was om (i) afvalstrome in Kraft pulp-en-papiermeule te identifiseer, (ii) ’n metode te ontwikkel en dan valideer om hierdie vesels te herwin en (iii) om ’n metode te ontwikkel en te valideer wat hierdie vesels funksionaliseer tot nanosellulose. Die geïdentifiseerde afvalbronne is gekategoriseer as kontinue of lotverlieste. Die grootste bron van kontinue afval is van papiermasjienwitwater wat nie behandel is deur red-alles-toestelle nie, waarteenoor die grootste lotverlieste gedurende graadveranderinge plaasvind. Slykmonsters is versamel van verskeie proefpunte in die Kraft meul se blykaanleg sowel as van papiermasjienbreeksisteme en papiermasjiene se afsnydings of afwerkings. Die vesels van hierdie bronne word normaalweg in papiermasjien-, alkali- en suuruitvloeiseldreine gesproei. Vesels van die uitvloeiselstrome is herwin deur flotasie met kolloïdale gas skuim (CGAs) gegenereer deur twee tipes nie-ioniese surfaktante (sinteties en groen-gebaseerd) te gebruik. Die gemiddelde grootte vesels versamel was 93±3.1, 72±3.9 en 93±5.3 μm vir papiermasjien-, alkali- en suuruitvloeiselstrome. Die sintetiese surfaktant wat gebruik is was Triton X-100 en die alternatiewe, groen-gebaseerde surfaktant wat getoets is, was N-Dodecyl β-D-maltosied (DDM). Die gemiddelde herwinningdoeltreffendheid bereik was tussen 50 en 78%. DDM is ’n belowende alternatief vir Triton X-100 en bereik soortgelyke doeltreffendheid. Vesels is gefunksionaliseer tot nanosellulose, eers deur voorbehandeling van vesels deur fosforilasie deur ammonium-diwaterstof-ortofosfaat en ureum in die verhouding 1:1.2:19.6 te gebruik. Deur hierdie verhouding te gebruik was dit moontlik om jelagtige nanosellulosesuspensies te verkry na net 5 minute van vermenging met ’n 900 W nutribullet. Die suspensies verkry uit die fosforilasieproses was hoogs heterogeen met verskeie fraksies van vesels wat in die mikroskaal (tussen 1.0 en 2.0 μm) en nanoskaal (tussen 50 en 800 nm) gestrek het. Termies stabiele en alkoholies onoplosbare (95% etanol) films is gemaak van hierdie vesels. Die resultate verkry na die validasie van die veselherwinning en funksionaliseringsmetodes het ’n basis gevorm vir die evaluasie van die uitvoerbaarheid van die gebruik van sagtesensors om die kwaliteit van nanosellulose geproduseer, te voorspel. Die eienskappe van die vesels versamel in die verskillende stadia van die blyk volgorde het nanosellulose met verskillende kwaliteit geproduseer soos bepaal deur partikelgrootteverspreiding en ander gemete eienskappe van die herwinde vesels soos zeta potensiaal (tussen -31 en -58 mV) en kristalliniteitindekse (tussen 13 en 27%). Deur indekskwaliteitmodelle gekombineer met naby-infrarooispektroskopieresultate te gebruik, kan ’n sagtesensor ontwikkel word wat die kwaliteit van die nanosellulosemateriaal geproduseer, akkuraat kan voorspel. Gebaseer op die resultate van hierdie studie is dit bevind dat alle uitvloeiselstrome in een afvalbron gekombineer kan word waaruit die vesels herwin en gefunksionaliseer kan word tot hoë-waarde produkte soos nanosellulose.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Microfibrillated cellulose, Colloidal gas aphrons, Fiber recovery, Waste valorization, Cellulose fibers, Sulfate pulping process, Paper mill waste, UCTD, Waste paper
Citation