Exploring the role of cooperative governance in water resource management : a study of catchment management agencies in South Africa

Date
2022-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Water is essential for all life on earth. Now, more than ever, water has to be conserved, developed, used and managed in a manner that is equitable and sustainable. South Africa put in place the National Water Act (NWA) of 1998 after the abolishment of Apartheid in 1994 to support a more equitable water landscape. Additionally, the NWA supports South Africa’s commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as it promotes the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). IWRM calls for the decentralisation of water resource management and advocates for the integration of management mechanisms to support sustainable water management objectives. This called for the restructuring of the institutional landscape of the water sector and resulted in organising water governance and management into three tiers: The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS; at the highest level), Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs; at the regional level), and the Water User Associations (WUAs) and catchment forums (at the local level). The establishment of CMAs is essential in the decentralisation of water resource management and are crucial in facilitating cooperative governance in water management areas (WMAs). Literature points to the benefits of cooperative governance (constituting of the theories of collaboration and adaptive management) in overcoming challenges induced by fragmented water actors and megatrend influences. CMAs are thought to be key in fostering relationships between themselves, local government and other actors in a WMA. Although there is general support for cooperative governance, its implementation remains to be lacking. To date there have been delays in establishing CMAs, with only two out of the proposed eight agencies being fully functional. This has contributed to the delay of decentralising water resource management. Where CMAs are operating, there is a lack of guidance on how to practically implement and operationalise cooperative governance that allows CMAs build relationships with actors in a WMA. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how cooperative governance can be implemented through adaptive and collaborative practices to allow CMAs and other institutions in a WMA to work closely together on water-related issue. The case of the Breede-Gouritz Catchment Management Agency (BGCMA), in addition to the Western Cape Economic Development Partnership Cooperative Toolkit, provided a rich context for this study and helped frame the research objectives. A grounded theory methodology was employed that drew on qualitative approaches to analyse data obtained from a workshop and 11 semi-structured interviews conducted with key actors in the water sector. The findings of the study contribute to exploring how collaborative and adaptive management practices can enable the implementation and operationalisation of cooperative governance through the use of the proposed Cooperative Guidelines. The study contributes the body of water governance literature and provides recommendations for best practices of cooperative governance. The importance of embodying of cooperative governance for catchment management is highlighted. If we are to safeguard water and ensure the equitable management thereof, we must start by working together.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is noodsaaklik vir alle lewe op aarde. Nou, meer as ooit, moet water bewaar, ontwikkel, gebruik en bestuur word op 'n manier wat billik en volhoubaar is. Suid-Afrika het die Nasionale Waterwet van 1998 ná die afskaffing van Apartheid in 1994 in plek gestel om 'n meer billike waterlandskap te ondersteun. Daarbenewens ondersteun die Nasionale Waterwet Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot die Volhoubare Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte aangesien dit die konsep van geïntegreerde waterhulpbronbestuur bevorder. Geïntegreerde waterhulpbronbestuur vra vir die desentralisering van waterhulpbronbestuur en advokate vir die integrasie van bestuursmeganismes om volhoubare waterbestuursdoelwitte te ondersteun. Dit het 'n beroep gedoen op die herstrukturering van die institusionele landskap van die watersektor en het gelei tot die organisering van waterbestuur in drie vlakke: die Departement van Water en Sanitasie (op die hoogste vlak), opvangsbestuursagentskappe (op streeksvlak), en die watergebruikersverenigings en opvangsforums (op plaaslike vlak). Die vestiging van opvangsbestuursagentskappe is noodsaaklik in die desentralisasie van waterhulpbronbestuur en is van kardinale belang in die fasilitering van samewerkende regering in waterbestuursgebiede. Literatuur dui op die voordele van samewerkende regering (wat die teorieë van samewerking en aanpasbare bestuur uitmaak) om uitdagings te oorkom wat veroorsaak word deur gefragmenteerde waterakteurs en megatrend-invloede. Opvangsbestuursagentskappe is vermoedelik die sleutel in die bevordering van verhoudings tussen hulself, plaaslike regering en ander akteurs in 'n waterbestuursgebied. Alhoewel daar algemene ondersteuning vir samewerkende regering is, was daar tot op hede vertragings in die vestiging van opvangsbestuursagentskappe, met slegs twee uit die voorgestelde agt agentskappe wat ten volle funksioneer. Dit het bygedra tot die vertraging van desentralisering van waterhulpbronbestuur. Waar opvangsbestuursagentskappe werk, is daar 'n gebrek aan leiding oor hoe om koöperatiewe bestuur prakties te implementeer en te operasionaliseer wat opvangsbestuursagentskappe toelaat om verhoudings met akteurs in 'n waterbestuursgebied te bou. Daarom ondersoek hierdie studie hoe samewerkende bestuurspraktyke deur aanpasbare en samewerkende praktyke geïmplementeer kan word om opvangsbestuursagentskappe en ander instellings in 'n waterbestuursgebied toe te laat om nou saam te werk aan waterverwante kwessie. Die geval van die Breede-Gouritz opvangsbestuursagentskap, benewens die Wes-Kaapse Ekonomiese Ontwikkelingsvennootskap ‘Cooperative Toolkit’, het 'n ryk konteks vir hierdie studie verskaf en gehelp om die navorsingsdoelwitte te raam. 'n Gegronde teoriemetodologie is gebruik wat op kwalitatiewe benaderings getrek het om data wat verkry is uit 'n werkswinkel en 11 semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude wat met sleutelakteurs in die watersektor gevoer is, te analiseer. Die bevindings van die studie dra by tot die ondersoek van hoe samewerkende en aanpasbare bestuurspraktyke die implementering en operasionalisering van samewerkende regering deur die gebruik van die voorgestelde Koöperatiewe Riglyne moontlik kan maak. Die studie dra die liggaam van waterbestuursliteratuur by en bied aanbevelings vir beste praktyke van samewerkende regering. Die belangrikheid daarvan om samewerkende regering vir opvangsbestuur te beliggaam, word beklemtoon. As ons water wil beveilig en die billike bestuur daarvan wil verseker, moet ons begin deur saam te werk.
Description
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Water resources development -- Management -- South Africa, Watershed management -- Management -- South Africa, Water-supply -- Law and legislation -- South Africa, Fresh water -- Law and legislation -- South Africa, Interagency coordination -- South Africa, UCTD
Citation