Lignin phenol formaldehyde resins synthesised using South African spent pulping liquor

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current study investigated to which extent phenol could be replaced by lignins to produce lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resins. This was done utilising soda lignin and sodium lignosulphonate as by- products from the South African pulping industry. These industrial lignins were characterised for phenolic hydroxyl group content, proximate analyses, mid- infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Soda black liquor was either spray- dried or acid precipitated to isolate the soda lignin. The acid precipitated soda lignin was then further acid purified. The lignosulphonate was received in spray-dried form and purified using a dialysis membrane of 3500 Da. Purified soda lignin indicated the highest reactivity towards formaldehyde and was therefore investigated further to produce LPF resins at 60%, 80% and 100% substitution of phenol by lignin. The LPF resins were characterised for their free formaldehyde content, pH values, mid-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, and shear strength. At 60% and 80% substitution a one-pot phenolation and LPF synthesis method was used where the soda lignin was first phenolated before formaldehyde was added, while at 100% substitution no phenolation was performed. Phenolation increased the phenolic hydroxyl content by up to 105% and 124% at 80% and 60% substitution, respectively. Three face-centred central composite designs (CCD) were used to attain the maximum adhesive strength at each substitution level. The parameters optimised in each CCD included the phenolation reaction temperature, sodium hydroxide to phenolated lignin (NaOH/PL) ratio, and formaldehyde to phenolated lignin (F/PL) ratio. The best synthesis reaction conditions at 60% and 80% substitution were at the lower bound of the range tested, with a NaOH/PL molar ratio of 0.124 and a F/PL molar ratio of 1. At 100% substitution without any modification, the optimum NaOH/PL molar ratio was 0.477, while the best F/PL molar ratio was at 3, which was the upper bound of the tested range. Plywood made with LPF60, LPF80, and LPF100 resins attained their highest shear strengths of 0.786, 1.09, and 0.987 MPa, respectively, which adhered to the GB/T 14732-2013 standard (≥ 0.7 MPa). A substitution level of 68% produced the highest shear strength of 1.11 MPa. The good performance of this soda lignin as a LPF resin was further confirmed by producing high-density particleboard with the LPF68 resin giving a MOR and MOE of 40 MPa and 3209 MPa, respectively, which adhered to the ANSI A208.1-1999 standard. Furthermore, good resistance of the resin to water absorption (37.2 wt%) and thickness swelling (13.5 wt%) was also proven. This unclean pulping lignin was the first lignin to produce LPF resins at 100% substitution, without requiring modification or additives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het gemik om die maksimum vervanging van fenol met lignien te beriek, om lignien fenol formaldehied (LPF) harpuis te produseer. Dit was gedoen deur twee ligniene te ondersoek: ‘n soda lignien van ‘n soda pulpproses met suikerriet, en ‘n lignosulfaat van n natriumsulfiet pulpproses met Eukaliptus grandis, om as by-produkte van die Suid-Afrikaanse pulpindustrie benut te word. Hierdie industriële ligniene was gekarakteriseer in terme van strukturele, komposisionele en termiese eienskappe. Die lignienryke afvalstroom van die soda pulpproses was of gedroogspuit, of gepresipiteer deur swaelsuur te doseer, om die lignien te isoleer. Nadat die lignien gepresipiteer was, was dit ook gesuiwer deur swaelsuur te gebruik. Die lignosulfonaat was gesuiwer deur ‘n 3500 Da dialisemembraan. Vanuit die karakterisering het die gesuiwerde soda lignien die meeste potensiaal getoon as ‘n fenol plaasvervanger, dus was die lignien verder gebruik om LPF harpuis te vervaardig by vervanging van 60%, 80% en 100% van fenol met lignien. Die LPF harpuis was ook verder gekarakteriseer vir vrye formaldehied, pH waardes, strukturele eienskappe, termiese eienskaappe, en skuifsterkte. By 60% en 80% vervanging, was ‘n kontinue proses van eers fenolasie met die soda lignien, en daarna harpuis-sintese uitgevoer, terwyl by 100% vervangin daar geen fenolasie toegepas was nie. Fenolasie het die aantal fenoliese hidroksiede vermeerder tot en met 105% en 124% by vervanging van 60% en 80% onderskeidelik. Drie sentraal-saamgestelde-ontwerpe was gebruik om die skuifsterkte van die harpuis te maksimeer by elke persentasie vervanging. Drie veranderlikes was geoptimeer: die temperatuur waarby fenol met lignien reageer; die verhouding van natriumhidroksied tot fenol en lignien (NaOH/PL); en die verhouding van formaldehied tot fenol en lignien (F/PL). Die beste sintese reaksiekondisies in die getoetste omvang by 60% en 80% vervanging was by ‘n NaOH/PL molêre verhouding van 0.124, en ‘n F/PL molêre verhouding van 1. By 100% vervanging sonder fenolasie modifikasie, was die beste sintese reaksiekondisies by ‘n NaOH/PL molêre verhouding van 0.477, terwyl die beste F/PL molêre verhouding die boonste grens van die getoetsde verhouding by 3 was. Laaghout gemaak deur die verskillende LPF harpuis by 60%, 80%, en 100% te gebruik, het die hoogste skuifsterkte van 0.786, 1.09, en 0.987 MPa, respektiewelik by elke persentasie vervanging bereik, wat voldoen het aan die GB/T 14732-2013 laaghout standaard (≥ 0.7 MPa). Die hoogste skuifsterkte bereik was 1.11 MPa na fenolasie van gesuiwerde soda lignien en LPF sintese by ‘n 68% vervanging. Die goeie potensiaal van die soda lignien vir LPF harpuis sintese was verder bevestig deur hoe digtheid partikelbord te produseer by 68% vervanging. ‘n Modulus van skeuring en elastisiteit van 23.5 MPa en 2750 MPa was onderskeidelik geproduseer, wat voldoen het aan die ANSI A208.1-1999 standaard. Verder het die harpuis ook goeie weerstand teen water absorpsie en dikte swelling getoon, met 37.2 massa % en 13.5 massa %, onderskeidelik. Dus toon hierdie soda lignien baie potensiaal om as ‘n fenol vervanger in LPF harpuis gebruik te word in houttoepassings, sonder om enige modifikasie van die lignien, of bymiddels tydens die termiese verhardingsproses te benodig.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Lignosulphonate, Formaldehyde, Phenol, Lignin -- Biodegradation, UCTD
Citation