The importance of heuweltjies for arthropod biodiversity in the succulent Karoo

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Succulent Karoo biome of South Africa is home to unique patches of vegetation which are distinct from the surrounding homogenous matrix, locally known as heuweltjies. Heuweltjies are ubiquitous features of this landscape and support a variety of flora and fauna, however, whether and how they affect arthropod biodiversity in the landscape is poorly understood. Arthropods are vital for ecosystem functioning in resource limited environments. Therefore, understanding the importance of heuweltjies for arthropod biodiversity will allow us to better understand the role that heuweltjies play in conserving biodiversity and promoting landscape heterogeneity in this arid environment. The aims of this study were to determine whether heuweltjies promoted epigaeic (ground-dwelling) and foliage-dwelling arthropod abundance and diversity (measured as alpha- and beta-diversity) under drought conditions in the Prince Albert area, Western Cape, South Africa and how heuweltjie size, isolation and quality influenced this role. Both epigaeic and foliage-dwelling arthropod species richness and abundance were greater on heuweltjies than the surrounding matrix. Additionally, both heuweltjie and matrix plots contained distinct arthropod communities even at a relatively small spatial scale, within sites (25 -50 m) and between sites (1 – 20 km). Epigaeic arthropod assemblage differences were driven by species turnover (replacement of species) between the matrix and heuweltjie, whereas foliage-dwelling arthropod communities were driven by turnover and the differences in species richness (nestedness) with higher species richness found on the heuweltjies. This suggests that the heuweltjies are promoting arthropod diversity locally, most likely through the provision of habitat heterogeneity and additional niches. Both epigaeic and foliage-dwelling arthropods that were commonly associated with heuweltjies, responded to changes in heuweltjie size, isolation and quality. The best predictors of arthropod diversity on the heuweltjies were average distance to nearest heuweltjies, heuweltjie area, presence of termite frass, plant percentage cover and average plant height. This suggests that the presence of neighbouring heuweltjies and the size of patch are important landscape predictors, while having a living termite colony and good plant cover are important to retain local patch diversity. The distinctive nature of heuweltjies within a homogenous landscape make them integral habitat features for arthropods, as they are for plants, as they provide suitable habitat conditions for oviposition and food as well as protection from predation and the harsh climatic conditions of the Succulent Karoo. In conclusion, heuweltjies are important for arthropod biodiversity in the Succulent Karoo during the ongoing drought gripping the region. Therefore, managing these areas in congruence with other land use practices such as livestock farming should be considered. Additionally, considering the size, distance to neighbouring heuweltjies and vegetation cover may help in ensuring the conservation of arthropod communities of the Succulent Karoo.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Sukkulente Karoo-bioom van Suid-Afrika huisves unieke lappies plantegroei wat verskil van die omliggende homogene matriks, plaaslik bekend as heuweltjies. Heuweltjies is alomteenwoordige kenmerke van hierdie landskap en ondersteun 'n verskeidenheid flora en fauna, maar daar is a gebrek aan kennis oor hoe hulle die geleedpotige biodiversiteit in die landskap beïnvloed. In omgewings met beperkte hulpbronne, is geleedpotiges noodsaaklik vir ekosisteem funksionering. Kennis oor die belangrikheid van heuweltjies vir geleedpotige biodiversiteit sal ons dus toelaat om die rol wat heuweltjies speel in die bewaring van biodiversiteit en die promosie van landskapsheterogeniteit in hierdie dorre omgewing beter te verstaan. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om vas te stel of heuweltjies epigaïese (grond-wonende) en blaar-wonende geleedpotige hoeveelhede en diversiteit (gemeet as alfa- en beta-diversiteit) bevorder onder droogtetoestande in die Prins Albert-omgewing, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika en hoe heuweltjie-grootte, isolasie en kwaliteit hierdie rol beïnvloed het. Beide epigaïese en blaar-wonende geleedpotiges specierykdom en hoeveelede was groter op heuweltjies as die omliggende matriks. Heuweltjie- en matriksplotte het ook afsonderlike gemeenskappe gehuisves, oor beide relatiewe klein (25 – 50 m) en groot (1 – 20 km) skale. Die verskille in epigaeïese geleedpotige gemeenskapsamestelling was aangedryf deur die omset van spesies (vervanging van spesies) tussen die matriks en heuweltjies. Die verskille in blaar-wonende geleedpotige gemeenskapsamestelling was aangedryf deur die verskille in spesiesrykheid (nestigheid), met hoër spesiesrykdom op heuweltjies. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat die heuweltjies plaaslik geleedpotige-diversiteit bevorder, waarskynlik deur die voorsiening van habitat- heterogeniteit en bykomende nisse. Beide epigaïese- en blaar-wonende geleedpotiges wat baiemaal met heuweltjies geassosieer word was sensitief vir veranderinge in grootte, isolasie en kwaliteit van die heuweltjie. Die beste voorspellers van heuweltjie-geleedpotigediversiteit was gemiddelde afstand na die naaste heuweltjie, heuweltjie- grootte, die teenwoordigheid van termiet frass, plantpersentasiebedekking en gemiddelde planthoogte. Hierdie dui daarop dat die teenwoordigheid van naburige heuweltjies en die grootte van die heuweltjie belangrike landskapsvoorspellers is, terwyl 'n lewende termietkolonie en goeie plantbedekking belangrik is om die plaaslike habitat-heterogeniteit te behou. Die kenmerkende aard van heuweltjies binne 'n homogene landskap maak hulle integrale habitat- gelaatstrekke vir geleedpotiges, net soos vir plante, aangesien hulle geskikte habitatsomstandighede bied vir oviposisie en voedsel, sowel as beskerming teen roofdiere en die strawwe klimaatstoestande van die Sukkulente Karoo. Ten slotte, heuweltjies is belangrik vir die geleedpotige biodiversiteit van die Sukkulente Karoo tydens die voortslepende droogte wat die streek aangryp. Beter bestuur van hierdie areas, met inagneming van die grootte, afstand tot naburige heuweltjies en plantegroei, kan dus help om bewaring van geleedpotige gemeenskappe van die Sukkulente Karoo te verseker.
Description
Thesis (MScConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Heuweltjies -- South Africa -- Karoo, Arthropod communities, Succulent plants -- Effect of climatic changes on -- South Africa -- Karoo, Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Karoo, UCTD
Citation