From Self to citizenry: an exploration of the construction and destruction of trust when a police officer rapes

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to develop a feminist account of the erosion of trust brought about by acts of police rape at personal, interpersonal and institutional levels. The study explores the role that trust plays in the cultivation and destruction of relationships where police officers abuse the women and children they should serve to protect. The study commences in chapters one and two with a documentation of the South African Police Service (SAPS) history of (sexual) violence and goes on to describe three recent cases of police rape perpetrated against two women and a girl, namely the cases of K, F and Rebecca Mosepele. The study lays out the facts and circumstances of the rapes and assaults committed in N K v Minister of Safety and Security 2005 (6) SA 419 (CC), F v Minister of Safety and Security 2012 (1) SA 536 (CC) and Mosepele v Mokgethi and Another 2018 SA 66 (ZAWHC). Statistical research collated by the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) is used to contextualise these individual cases and to justify some of the generalisations made from the analysis. Attention is also paid to court findings on vicarious liability when police officers rape the people they are supposed to protect. Chapter three presents the theoretical basis for the philosophical dimension of the study, which focuses on relations of trust – how they are constructed, and how they are undermined or completely destroyed. Following Trudy Govier’s and Niklas Luhmann’s analyses, the defining characteristics of trust are identified as involving positive expectations (premised on the trustor’s appraisal of the competence and intentions of the trustee), risk (which can be exacerbated by systemic vulnerabilities experienced by certain groups), meaningful communication (which involves expectation of sincerity and transparency) and a temporal dimension (which allows us to extrapolate past outcomes to future expectations). The specific forms of trust that are investigated are interpersonal trust (which includes both thick and thin relations with others), self-trust (which is dependent on our self-assessment of our competencies, intentions, and ability to make sound judgements) and institutional trust (which necessitates that institutions are viewed as legitimate, and which – it is argued – is necessary to also reinforce the legitimacy of the state as such, especially in young democracies). These different forms of trust are interwoven and form a living and dynamic network of trust, which is drawn upon when trust judgements are made. In chapter four the theoretical framework of trust is applied to the case studies laid out in chapter two. The main conclusions drawn from this analysis include that trust should be viewed as an interconnected network of trust and that the assault committed by police officers violates this network in different ways, such as jeopardizing the victim’s ability to form future trusting judgements and relationships. In the application of institutional trust to the cases, it is shown that the harms experienced as a result of institutional trust violations are compounded when there are insufficient levels of institutional oversight (for example by the IPID) and accountability in the aftermath of such violations. This institutional breach of trust constitutes a further injustice suffered by the victims of police rape and ultimately undermines the trustworthiness of the state itself, in relation to its most vulnerable citizens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om ‘n feministiese perspektief te bied op die ondermyning van vertroue wat volg op dade van polisie-verkragting. Vertroue word deur sulke optrede ondermyn op die persoonlike, die interpersoonlike en die institusionele vlak. Die studie ondersoek daarom die rol wat vertroue speel in die kultivering en vernietiging van verhoudings wanneer polisie- offisiere die vroue en kinders wat hulle moet beskerm, verkrag. Die studie begin in die eerste twee hoofstukke met ‘n oorsig oor die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens (SAPD) se geskiedenis van (seksuele) geweld, gevolg deur ‘n bespreking van drie onlangse hofsake rakende polisie- verkragting, gepleeg teen twee vroue en ‘n meisie, naamlik die gevalle van K, F en Rebecca Mosepele. Die feitestelle van die verkragings in die volgende sake word dus aan die orde gestel: N K v Minister of Safety and Security 2005 (6) SA 419 (CC), F v Minister of Safety and Security 2012 (1) SA 536 (CC) en Mosepele v Mokgethi and Another 2018 SA 66 (ZAWHC). Statistiese getuienis saamgestel deur die Onafhanklike Polisie-ondersoekdirektoraat (OPOD) word voorts gebruik om hierdie individuele sake te kontekstualiseer en sommige van die veralgemenings van die bevindinge te regverdig. Daar word ook aandag geskenk aan die hofbevindings rakende plaasvervangende aanspreeklikheid wanneer polisie-offisiere die mense verkrag wat hulle veronderstel is om te beskerm teen verkragting. Hoofstuk drie verskaf die teoretiese basis vir die filosofiese dimensie van die studie, wat fokus op vertrouensverhoudings – hoe hulle tot stand kom, en hoe hulle ondermyn of heeltemal vernietig word. In navolging van Trudy Govier en Niklas Luhmann se analises, word die definiërende eienskappe van vertroue geïdentifiseer as dat dit positiewe verwagtings behels (gebaseer op die vertrouer se inskatting van die vertroude se vermoëns en bedoelings), asook risiko (wat vererger kan word deur sistemiese verwondbaarhede wat deur spesifieke groepe beleef word), betekenisvolle kommunikasie (wat die verwagting van opr egtheid en deursigtigheid behels) en ‘n tydsdimensie (wat ons in staat stel om uitkomste van die verlede te ekstrapoleer na toekomsverwagtinge). Die spesifieke vorme van vertroue wat ondersoek word is interpersoonlike vertroue (wat sowel ‘dik’ as ‘dun’ verhoudings met ander insluit), self-vertroue of vertroue in jouself (wat afhanklik is van ons self-assesering oor ons bevoegdhede, bedoelings en oordeelsvermoë), en institusionele vertroue (wat vereis dat instellings as legitiem beskou moet word, en wat – so word geargumenteer – noodsaaklik is om ook die legitimiteit van die staat self te bevestig, veral in jong demokrasieë). Hierdie verskillende vorme van vertroue is met mekaar verweef en vorm ‘n lewende en dinamiese vertrouensnetwerk, waarvan ons gebruik maak wanneer ons betroubaarheidsoordele vel. In hoofstuk vier word die teoretiese raamwerk van vertroue toegepas op die gevallestudies soos in hoofstuk twee uiteengesit. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekkings wat voortvloei uit hierdie analise sluit in dat vertroue beskou kan word as ‘n verweefde vertrouensnetwerk en dat seksuele aanval uitgevoer deur polisie-offisiere daarom die ganse netwerk beskadig, op verskillende maniere, byvoorbeeld dit saboteer die slagoffer se vermoë om in die toekoms vertrouensverhoudings te bou en betroubaarheidsoordele te vel. In die toepassing van die idee van institusionele vertroue op die hofsake, word aangetoon dat die skade wat gely word as gevolg van die institusionele vertrouensbreuk, beduidend vererger word wanneer onvoldoende vlakke van institusionele oorsig (bv. deur die OPOD) en aanspreeklikheid die afloop van die aanval kenmerk. Hierdie institusionele vertrouensbreuk behels inderdaad ‘n verdere onreg wat deur die slagoffers van polisie-verkragting gely word, en dit ondermyn uiteindelik die betroubaarheid van die staat self, in verhouding tot die staat se mees weerlose burgers.
Description
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
UCTD, Police brutality, Police officers -- Violence, Police ethics, Sexual abuse, Police -- Corrupt practices
Citation