Physical and allelopathic effects of crop residue on wheat, barley and canola production

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Retention of crop residue has many benefits such as moisture conservation, improvement of soil health and reduction in soil erosion. Residue retention together with no-tillage and crop diversification (crop rotation) are classified as Conservation Agriculture (CA). However, the adoption of CA comes with challenges of planting into large crop residue loads, especially when livestock is not part of the system. Certain crop residue types and loads may lead to yield penalties for the subsequent crop. Past studies have indicated that allelopathy, physical effects or chemical soil processes might be the cause. This study aimed to investigate the influence of crop residue on the subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and canola (Brassica napus) as well as identify the possible mechanisms responsible for driving productivity. Laboratory and glasshouse trials were conducted to evaluate effects of crop residue that had time to degrade prior to planting the next season’s crop, on the early growth of wheat, barley and canola. Extracts were made from various residues and the allelopathic effects of the extracts were evaluated on the germination, coleoptile and radicle lengths of seedlings. Germination was affected (p < 0.05) in barley and canola, but not in wheat (p > 0.05). The coleoptile and radicle lengths were affected more adversely (p < 0.05) than germination percentages. Some residue types led to decreases in the coleoptile and radicle lengths, while other residue types promoted them slightly. Crop residue still had an allelopathic potential even after degradation for one year in the field. However, in the presence of soil in the glasshouse, the allelopathic effects became negligible (p > 0.05). The canola with its small seed size was influenced (p < 0.05) by a large residue load of 8000 kg ha-1, which reduced early growth. A field trial evaluated performance of a single and a double disc planter and management of the residue loads, as well as the effect of various residue types on production of wheat, barley and canola. The double disc planter led to better wheat and barley establishment while the single disc planter led to better canola establishment (p < 0.05). The double disc planter cleaned the seed furrow more, while the single disc planter had better depth control. Allelopathy was negligible and physical effects was limited in this study due to relatively small residue loads, mostly under 5000 kg ha-1. The effect of crop residue on soil processes likely had the biggest influence on the subsequent crop. Crop residue types which resulted in the highest N mineralisation rate led to better yields in year two (p < 0.05), while in year one residue types which produced larger residue loads have led to slightly better yields due to moisture conservation. In a residue decomposition trial, effects of soil faunal communities and residue types on decomposition were tested. Soil fauna fragmented residue leading to faster decomposition. Residue types with lower C:N ratios decomposed faster. Retaining appropriate amounts of residue for a particular crop will minimise negative effects while retaining the benefits.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bedekking van grond met gewas residu het verskeie voordele naamlik vog bewaring, beter grond gesondheid asook die afname in grond erosie. Die behoud van gewas residu te same met minimum bewerking en gewas diversifikasie (gewas rotasie) word geklassifiseer as Bewarings Boerdery. Die implimentering van Bewarings Boerdery praktyke kom egter nie sonder uitdagings nie soos om te plant in dik gewas residu ladings. Die bogenoemde is veral ‘n uitdaging is stelsels waar vee nie geïntegreer word nie. Sekere tipes gewas residu en ladings mag laer opbrengste tot gevolg hê. Vorige studies dui aan dat allelopatiese, fisiese effekte asook chemiese grond prosesse verantwoordelik is. Die mikpunt van hierdie studie was om die invloed van gewas residu op die opeenvolgende koring (Triticum aestivum), gars (Hordeum vulgare) en kanola (Brassica napus) gewas te evalueer asook die identifisering van moontlike verantwoordelike meganismes wat die produktiwiteit dryf. Laboratorium en glashuis proewe was gedoen met residu wat tyd gehad het om te verweer, op die vroeë groei van koring, gars en kanola. Ekstrakte was gemaak van verskeie tipes residu en was geevalueer op die ontkieming, koleoptiel en radikaal lengtes van saailinge. Die ontkieming van gars en kanola was geaffekteer (p < 0.05), maar nie koring nie (p > 0.05). Die koleoptiel en radikaal lengtes was baie meer geaffekteer (p < 0.05) in vergelyking met die ontkieming. Sekere gewas residu tipes het die koleoptiel en radikaal lengtes verminder terwyl ander effense verlenging tot gevolg gehad het. Die gewas residu was steeds allelopaties selfs na vewering in die veld. Alleloptiese effekte het egter weglaatbaar (p > 0.05) geword as grond ingesluit word. Kanola wat ‘n klein saad grote het was egter beïnvloed (p < 0.05) deur groot residu ladings van 8000 kg ha-1 wat swak vroeë groei tot gevolg gehad het. Die veldproef het ‘n enkelskyf en ‘n dubbelskyf planter evalueer in hulle vermoë om residu ladings te hanteer asook die effek van verskeie gewas residu tipes op koring, gars en kanola produksie. Die dubbelskyf planter het tot beter koring en gars vestiging gelei terwyl die enkelskyf planter kanola beter gevestig het (p < 0.05). Die dubbelskyf planter het die saadvoor beter skoon gemaak terwyl die enkelskyf planter beter diepte beheer gehad het. Allelopatie was weglaatbaar en fisiese effekte was klein as gevolg van relatiewe klein residue ladings wat meestal onder 5000 kg ha-1 was. Die effek wat gewas residu op die grond prosesse gehad het, het moontlik die grootse invloed gehad op die opeenvolgende gewas. Gewas residu tipes wat tot meer minerale stikstof in die grond gelei het, het beter opbrengste tot gevolg gehad in jaar twee (p < 0.05). In jaar een was beter opbrengste egter verkry in residu tipes was groter residu ladings tot gevolg gehad het, dit kan toegeskryf word aan beter vog bewaring. ‘n Residu afbraak proef het die effek van grond fauna gemeenskappe en residu tipes evalueer. Grond fauna het die residu gefragmenteer wat vinniger afbraak tot gevolg gehad het. Residu tipes met laer C:N verhoudings het vinniger af gebreek. Die behoud van ‘n geskikte hoeveelheid gewas residu vir ‘n spesifieke opeenvolgende gewas sal negatiewe effekte beperk terwyl die voordele behou word.
Description
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Stubble, Crops, Rotation of, No-tillage, Conservation agriculture, Agriculture -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa, Crop residues -- South Africa, Allelopathy, Crops -- Effect of chemicals on, UCTD
Citation