A review of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Quantum Mechanics has been a massively successful theory, but for all its success it is at odds with our experiences at the macroscopic or classical level. This tension between the quantum and classical worlds and the transition between them has been dubbed the Measurement Problem. Here we review the Measurement Problem and describe it in the context of the double split experiment. We use this to define the problem and identify two major aspects, namely the Problem of Macro-objectification, the lack of superposition of macroscopic objects, and the Problem of Outcomes, the selection of a single outcome upon measurement of a superposition. Three more related, and more technical, problems are also identified. We review in some detail the Environmental Decoherence and Dynamical Reduction programs, chosen as they are perceived to be the most realistic approaches to the Measurement problem. Environmental Decoherence occurs when the system of interest is allowed to weakly interact with the environment, and Dynamical Reduction programs are non-linear stochastic modifications made to the Schrodinger equation to cause reduction of the state to happen naturally. We note that each introduces extra degrees of freedom external to the system of interest, the environment in the case of decoherence, and an external stochastic field in the case of Dynamical Reduction Programs. This commonality is then briefly demonstrated and discussed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwantummeganika is `n uiters suksesvolle teorie, maar ten spyte daarvan strook dit nie met ons ervaring op die makroskopiese of klassieke vlak nie. Hierdie spanning tussen die kwantum en klassieke wêrelde en die oorgang tussen hulle word na verwys as die meetprobleem. Hier gee ons 'n oorsig van die meetprobleem in die konteks van die dubbel spleet eksperiment. Ons definieer aan die hand hiervan die probleem en identifiseer twee hoof aspekte, naamlik die probleem van makro-objektiwiteit, die afwesigheid van superposisie van makroskopiese voorwerpe, en die probleem van uitkomste, die seleksie van `n enkele uitkoms by die meting van `n superposisie. Drie verdere verwante, en meer tegniese, probleme is ook geidentifiseer. `n Gedetaileerde oorsig word gegee van die omgewings dekoherensie en die dinamiese reduksie programme aangesien hulle algemeen as die mees realistiese benaderings tot die metings probleem gesien word. Omgewings dekoherensie kom voor wanneer `n stelsel swak met die omgewing wisselwerk en die dinamiese reduksie program behels nie-lineêre stogastiese wysigings tot die Schrödinger vergelyking wat die natuurlike reduksie van die golffunksie teweeg bring. Ons merk an dat beide programme die invoering van eksterne, bykomende vryheidsgrade behels, die omgewing in die geval van dekoherensie en `n bykomende stogastiese veld in die geval van dinamiese reduksie. Hierdie gemeenskaplikheid word ook kortliks gedemonstreer en bespreek.
Description
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Quantum mechanics, Measurement problem, Environmental decoherence, Dynamical reduction, UCTD
Citation