Understanding Universal Health Coverage success through Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Date
2019-04
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Goal 3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. More specifically, this goal is to “Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all”. In 2016 all the UN member states agreed to attempt to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030. For many countries, achieving UHC is a daunting task, for which they will have to transform their whole health system. It is therefore crucial for policy-makers and participants in the implementation of UHC to understand which conditions in a country influence the success of UHC outcomes. The aim of this study is to contribute to the research on how better to implement UHC in a country through understanding the conditions that influence UHC outcomes by using a structured engineering approach. This was done by first determine which methods can help in this understanding of universal health coverage, and then selecting the most appropriate comparative causal research method – which in this case was found to be Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The QCA methodology is then described step-by-step; and in order to show QCA’s capability each step is also applied to an example. In applying the QCA method, country conditions were used as model condition variables and UHC service coverage index were used as model outcomes. Results from the QCA example indicated that that the combination of high employment to population ratio, high health spending as a percentage of GDP, and being a highly developed country is sufficient for a positive UHC outcome. The results are cross-validated in two steps: applying regression analysis on the raw data to understand the predictive power of the conditions on the UHC service coverage index. This was followed by doing within case investigations on countries showing strong links between the condition variables (those presented in the findings of the QCA analysis) and UHC outcomes. The regression analysis highlighted that a high employment to population ratio and a more developed country classification are good predictors of UHC outcomes. The within-case investigations indicated that the countries included in the findings of the QCA were mostly high-income European countries with high GDP per capita. The case investigations also highlighted that these countries mostly had compulsory and statutory health systems, and that revenue was often raised by some form of income taxation. It also highlighted that hospitals were mostly publicly owned, that primary health facilities were mostly owned privately, and that most countries included in the study still had some level of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP). From the application of the example it is suggested that the QCA method proposed in this research inquiry could be useful to provide decision support to policy makers of UHC in countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelstelling 3 van die volhoubare ontwikkelingsdoelstellings van die Verenigde Nasies (VN) is om “Gesonde lewens te verseker en welsyn vir almal van alle ouderdomme te bevorder”. Meer spesifiek sluit hierdie doelwit die volgende in: “Bereik universele gesondheidsdekking, insluitende finansiële risikobeskerming, toegang tot kwaliteit noodsaaklike gesondheidsorgdienste en toegang tot veilige, effektiewe en bekostigbare noodsaaklike medisyne en entstowwe vir almal van aanvaarbare kwaliteit”. In 2016 het alle VN-lidlande ooreengekom om teen 2030 universele gesondheidsdekking te probeer bereik. Vir baie lande is die implementering van universele gesondheidsdekking ’n uitdagende taak siende dat dit van lande vereis om hulle hele gesondheidstelsel te transformeer. Dit is dus noodsaaklik vir beleidmakers en deelnemers aan die implementering van universele gesondheidsdekking om te verstaan watter toestande in ’n land die uitkomste van universele gesondheidsdekking positief kan beïnvloed. Die doel van hierdie studie is om, met die gebruik van ’n gestruktureerde ingenieursbenadering, ’n bydra te lewer tot die liggaam van kennis m.b.t. die verstaan van die invloed wat spesifieke toestande het in ‘n land op die uitkomste van universele gesondheidsdekking. Die studie het eers ‘n opname gemaak van die moontlike metodes wat gebruik kan word om hierdie tipe probleem op te los. Daarna was die mees toepaslike metode gekies, naamlik Kwalitatiewe Vergelykende Analise (KVA). Na n stapsgewyse beskrywing van die KVA metode, is die metode se vermoë ook gedemonstreer met die toepassing daarvan op ‘n relevante voorbeeld. Die voorbeeld het KVA toegepas deur landtoestande aan te wend as kondisie-veranderlikes en die universele gesondheidsdekking-indeks te beskou as die model uitkoms-veranderlike. Die resultate was eerstens gevalideer deur middel van n regressie-analise van die rou data. Daarna was die lande wat sterk verbande gewys het tussen landstoestande en hulle universele gesondheidsdekking uitkomste in diepte ondersoek deur middel van gevalle studies. Die regressie analise het daarop gewys dat ‘n land se indiensnemings persentasie en ekonomiese klassifikasie goeie aanduidings kan wees van n land se universele gesondheidsdekking-uitkomste. Die lande wat ingesluit was in die gevalle-studies was meestal hoë-inkomste Europese lande wat hoë bruto binnelandse produk per kapita gehad het. Die lande het ook meestal verpligte en statutêre gesondheidstelsels gehad, en fondse was dikwels deur ‘n vorm van inkomstebelasting ingewin. Die studie het ook gevind dat dié lande se hospitale hoofsaaklik in staatsbesit was, dat primêre gesondheidsfasiliteite meestal in privaat besit was, en dat die meeste lande steeds ‘n koste las op individue het wanneer hulle gesondheidsdienste gebruik.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.
Keywords
Universal Health Coverage, Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Health insurance, Medical care, Right to health, UCTD
Citation