Browsing by Author "Singh, Elvira"
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- ItemColorectal cancer incidence and mortality trends by sex and population group in South Africa : 2002–2014(BMC (part of Springer Nature), 2021-02-06) Motsuku, Lactatia; Chen, Wenlong C.; Muchengeti, Mazvita M.; Naidoo, Megan; Quene, Tamlyn M.; Kellett, Patricia; Mohlala, Matshediso I.; Chu, Kathryn M.; Singh, ElviraBackground: South Africa (SA) has experienced a rapid transition in the Human Development Index (HDI) over the ast decade, which had an effect on the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide CRC incidence and mortality trends by population group and sex in SA from 2002 to 2014. Methods: Incidence data were extracted from the South African National Cancer Registry and mortality data obtained from Statistics South Africa (STATS SA), for the period 2002 to 2014. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) were calculated using the STATS SA mid-year population as the denominator and the Segi world standard population data for standardisation. A Joinpoint regression analysis was computed for the CRC ASIR and ASMR by population group and sex. Results: A total of 33,232 incident CRC cases and 26,836 CRC deaths were reported during the study period. Of the CRC cases reported, 54% were males and 46% were females, and among deaths reported, 47% were males and 53% were females. Overall, there was a 2.5% annual average percentage change (AAPC) increase in ASIR from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.6–4.5, p-value < 0.001). For ASMR overall, there was 1.3% increase from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI: 0.1–2.6, p-value < 0.001). The ASIR and ASMR among population groups were stable, with the exception of the Black population group. The ASIR increased consistently at 4.3% for black males (95% CI: 1.9–6.7, p-value < 0.001) and 3.4% for black females (95% CI: 1.5–5.3, p-value < 0.001) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Similarly, ASMR for black males and females increased by 4.2% (95% CI: 2.0–6.5, p-value < 0.001) and 3.4% (, 95%CI: 2.0–4.8, p-value < 0.01) from 2002 to 2014, respectively. Conclusions: The disparities in the CRC incidence and mortality trends may reflect socioeconomic inequalities across different population groups in SA. The rapid increase in CRC trends among the Black population group is concerning and requires further investigation and increased efforts for cancer prevention, early screening and diagnosis, as well as better access to cancer treatment.
- ItemEffective Project Management of a Pan-African Cancer Research Network : Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP)(American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2018) Odiaka, Emeka; Lounsbury, David W.; Adusei, Ben; Diallo, Thierno Amadou; Kane, Papa Moussa Sene; Rockson, Isabella; Okyne, Vicky; Irusen, Hayley; Pentz, Audrey; Makinde, Ifeoluwa; Ajibola, Olalekan Hafees; Petersen, Lindsay; McBride, Jo; Petersen, Desiree C.; Mante, Sunny; Agalliu, Ilir; Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi; Popoola, Olufemi; Yeboah, Edward; Mensah, James E.; Hsing, Ann; Fernandez, Pedro; Aisuodionoe- Shadrach, Oseremen; Joffe, Maureen; Singh, Elvira; Gueye, Serigne Magueye; Quintana, Yuri; Fortier, Brian; Rebbeck, Timothy R.; Andrews, CarolinePurpose Health research in low- and middle-income countries can generate novel scientific knowledge and improve clinical care, fostering population health improvements to prevent premature death. Project management is a critical part of the success of this research, applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to accomplish required goals. Here, we describe the development and implementation of tools to support a multifaceted study of prostate cancer in Africa, focusing on building strategic and operational capacity. Methods Applying a learning organizational framework, we developed and implemented a project management toolkit (PMT) that includes a management process flowchart, a cyclical centerspecific schedule of activities, periodic reporting and communication, and center-specific monitoring and evaluation metrics. Results The PMT was successfully deployed during year one of the project with effective component implementation occurring through periodic cycles of dissemination and feedback to local center project managers. A specific evaluation was conducted 1 year after study initiation to obtain enrollment data, evaluate individual quality control management plans, and undertake risk log assessments and follow-up. Pilot data obtained identified areas in which centers required mentoring, strengthening, and capacity development. Strategies were implemented to improve project goals and operational capacity through local problem solving, conducting quality control checks and following compliancy with study aims. Moving forward, centers will perform quarterly evaluations and initiate strengthening measures as required. Conclusion The PMT has fostered the development of both strategic and operational capacity across project centers. Investment in project management resources is essential to ensuring high-quality, impactful health research in low- and middle-income countries.
- ItemRanking lifestyle risk factors for cervical cancer among Black women : a case-control study from Johannesburg, South Africa(Public Library of Science, 2021-12-08) Singini, Mwiza Gideon; Sitas, Freddy; Bradshaw, Debbie; Chen, Wenlong Carl; Motlhale, Melitah; Kamiza, Abram Bunya; Babb de Villiers, Chantal; Lewis, Cathryn M.; Mathew, Christopher G.; Waterboer, Tim; Newton, Robert; Muchengeti, Mazvita; Singh, ElviraBackground: Aside from human papillomavirus (HPV), the role of other risk factors in cervical cancer such as age, education, parity, sexual partners, smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been described but never ranked in order of priority. We evaluated the contribution of several known lifestyle co-risk factors for cervical cancer among black South African women. Methods : We used participant data from the Johannesburg Cancer Study, a case-control study of women recruited mainly at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital between 1995 and 2016. A total of 3,450 women in the study had invasive cervical cancers, 95% of which were squamous cell carcinoma. Controls were 5,709 women with cancers unrelated to exposures of interest. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We ranked these risk factors by their population attributable fractions (PAF), which take the local prevalence of exposure among the cases and risk into account. Results : Cervical cancer in decreasing order of priority was associated with (1) being HIV positive (ORadj = 2.83, 95% CI = 2.53–3.14, PAF = 17.6%), (2) lower educational attainment (ORadj = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.44–1.77, PAF = 16.2%), (3) higher parity (3+ children vs 2–1 children (ORadj = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07–1.46, PAF = 12.6%), (4) hormonal contraceptive use (ORadj = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.24–1.77, PAF = 8.9%), (5) heavy alcohol consumption (ORadj = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.15–1.81, PAF = 5.6%), (6) current smoking (ORadj = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.41–1.91, PAF = 5.1%), and (7) rural residence (ORadj = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.44–1.77, PAF = 4.4%). Conclusion : This rank order of risks could be used to target educational messaging and appropriate interventions for cervical cancer prevention in South African women.