Browsing by Author "Rossouw, Charne"
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- ItemMicrosatellite cross-species amplification and utility in southern African elasmobranchs : a valuable resource for fisheries management and conservation(BMC Research Notes, 2014) Maduna, Simo N.; Rossouw, Charne; Roodt-Wilding, Rouvay; Bester-Van der Merwe, Aletta E.Background: Similarly to the rest of the world, southern Africa’s diverse chondrichthyan fauna is currently experiencing high fishing pressures from direct and non-direct fisheries to satisfy market demands for shark products such as fins and meat. In this study, the development of microsatellite markers through cross-species amplification of primer sets previously developed for closely related species is reported as an alternative approach to de novo marker development. This included the design of four microsatellite multiplex assays and their cross-species utility in genetic diversity analysis of southern African elasmobranchs. As this study forms part of a larger project on the development of genetic resources for commercially important and endemic southern African species, Mustelus mustelus was used as a candidate species for testing these multiplex assays in down-stream applications. Results Thirty five microsatellite primer sets previously developed for five elasmobranch species were selected from literature for testing cross-species amplification in 16 elasmobranch species occurring in southern Africa. Cross-species amplification success rates ranged from 28.6%-71.4%. From the successfully amplified microsatellites, 22 loci were selected and evaluated for levels of polymorphism, and four multiplex assays comprising of the 22 microsatellites were successfully constructed, optimised and characterised in a panel of 87 Mustelus mustelus individuals. A total of 125 alleles were observed across all loci, with the number of alleles ranging from 3–12 alleles. Cross-species amplification of the four optimised multiplex assays was further tested on 11 commercially important and endemic southern African elasmobranch species. Percentage of polymorphism ranged from 31.8%-95.5% in these species with polymorphic information content decreasing exponentially with evolutionary distance from the source species. Conclusions Cross-species amplification of the 35 microsatellites proved to be a time- and cost-effective approach to marker development in elasmobranchs and enabled the construction of four novel multiplex assays for characterising genetic diversity in a number of southern African elasmobranch species. This study successfully demonstrated the usefulness of these markers in down-stream applications such as genetic diversity assessment and species identification which could potentially aid in a more integrative, multidisciplinary approach to management and conservation of commercially important cosmopolitan and endemic elasmobranch species occurring in southern Africa.
- ItemMolecular aspects of exploited sharks in South Africa : multiple paternity and identification of novel molecular markers(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015-12) Rossouw, Charne; Bester-van der Merwe, Aletta Elizabeth; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Genetics.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sharks have existed for the past 400 million years and play an important role in the oceanic ecosystem as they occupy the upper categories of the food web. Since the 1920s they have been fished on a commercial scale as the demand for shark related products increased. This placed considerable pressure on shark populations, resulting in a global decline of many populations and an increased risk of population extinction. As the genetic diversity of a population determines it’s resilience to changing environmental factors, including such information has become paramount for short and long-term management and conservation of individual species. This study therefore aimed to add to the growing body of biological and genetic data by investigating mating strategy through assessing the presence of multiple paternity (MP) in three commercially important shark species: the common smoothhound Mustelus mustelus, dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus and the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini; and by identifying potential microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in two of the species, M. mustelus and C. obscurus, through the use of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms. The first aim of this study was achieved by cross-amplifying microsatellite markers developed in closely related species to the study species. A total of 22 microsatellite markers were initially tested on four litters of M. mustelus and C. obscurus in order to determine the most informative markers for parentage analysis. Reduced marker panels of five to six microsatellites were selected and parentage analysis in GERUD and COLONY revealed the presence of MP in all three species. Mustelus mustelus had the highest frequency of MP (67%), followed by S. lewini (46%) and C. obscurus (35%). The second aim of this study entailed reduced genome sequencing of one M. mustelus and one C. obscurus individual using the HiSeq Illumina and Ion Proton platforms, respectively. For M. mustelus, 51,5 million reads with an average read length of 250bp were obtained, whereas C. obscurus yielded 27,6 million reads with an average read length of 213bp. Contigs were constructed for both species in order to search for perfect repeat motifs. In total, 2 700 and 1 255 microsatellite-containing regions were identified for M. mustelus and C. obscurus respectively. In order to search for SNP-containing regions, both sample species were aligned to previously assembled scaffolds of the ghost shark Callorhinchus milii, which served as a reference genome. After quality filtering, only 767 SNP-containing regions were identified for M. mustelus, whereas the identification of potential SNPs for C. obscurus was not successful. The insights gained into the mating strategies of M. mustelus, C. obscurus and S. lewini as well as the identification of potential species-specific molecular markers add to the growing body of information and genetic resources available for exploited species. In future, this information could be used for further molecular assessment of shark populations and a more intergrated approach to conservation and management of these already vulnerable sharks.
- ItemSpecies identification and comparative population genetics of four coastal houndsharks based on novel NGS-mined microsatellites(Wiley Open Access, 2017) Maduna, Simo N.; Rossouw, Charne; Da Silva, Charlene; Soekoe, Michelle; Bester-Van Der Merwe, Aletta E.The common smooth-hound (Mustelus mustelus) is the topmost bio-economically and recreationally important shark species in southern Africa, western Africa, and Mediterranean Sea. Here, we used the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to develop novel microsatellite markers for Mustelus mustelus. Two microsatellite multiplex panels were constructed from 11 polymorphic loci and characterized in two populations of Mustelus mustelus representative of its South African distribution. The markers were then tested for cross-species utility in Galeorhinus galeus, Mustelus palumbes, and Triakis megalopterus, three other demersal coastal sharks also subjected to recreational and/or commercial fishery pressures in South Africa. We assessed genetic diversity (NA, AR, HO, HE, and PIC) and differentiation (FST and Dest) for each species and also examined the potential use of these markers in species assignment. In each of the four species, all 11 microsatellites were variable with up to a mean NA of 8, AR up to 7.5, HE and PIC as high as 0.842. We were able to reject genetic homogeneity for all species investigated here except for T. megalopterus. We found that the panel of the microsatellite markers developed in this study could discriminate between the study species, particularly for those that are morphologically very similar. Our study provides molecular tools to address ecological and evolutionary questions vital to the conservation and management of these locally and globally exploited shark species.