Browsing by Author "Mosime, Lesedi Bridget"

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    Characterisation of fosfomycin resistance in urinary pathogens from the Western Cape, South Africa.
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2021-03) Mosime, Lesedi Bridget; Nel, Pieter; Newton-Foot, Mae; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept. of Pathology.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most commonly acquired bacterial infections worldwide. The South African Department of Health advised that fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and gentamicin be used for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI due to other antibiotics showing adverse side effects. Fosfomycin has effectively been utilised in the management of UTI, however resistance has been detected in urinary pathogens at the Tygerberg Hospital National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Medical Microbiology diagnostic laboratory. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance among community-acquired urinary pathogens in the Western Cape and to characterise fosfomycin resistance mechanisms in fosfomycin resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Methods and Materials: Two-hundred urinary isolates (Enterobacterales and Enterococcus spp.) from antenatal clinics in the Western Cape were collected from the Tygerberg Hospital NHLS Medical Microbiology laboratory during 2019 and 2020 and used to determine the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance. Fosfomycin susceptibility was determined using disc diffusion and Etest®. Fosfomycin resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the prevalence study and another set of fosfomycin resistant isolates (5 E. coli and 19 K. pneumoniae) collected from urine samples submitted to the NHLS at Tygerberg Hospital in 2017 (Ethics #: U17/05/026) were used to characterise fosfomycin mechanisms. FosA mediated resistance was determined using a phenotypic assay and fosA genes were detected by PCR. Mutations in the fosfomycin target gene murA and transporter genes, glpT and uhpT, were characterised by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Results: Fosfomycin resistance was detected in 3.5% of community-acquired urinary pathogens. Fosfomycin resistance rates were 2.2% in E. coli (3/139) and 12.9% in other Enterobacterales. All Enterococcus spp. isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin. In the combined sample set of 31 fosfomycin resistant isolates, the phenotypic assay detected FosA in only 7 isolates, while fosA genes were detected by PCR in 25. Chromosomal mutations were identified in 6 isolates, of which three isolates (1 K. pneumoniae and 2 E. coli) had deletions in the uhpT gene, which has previously been reported to confer fosfomycin resistance. The role of other mutations found in the glpT gene of E. coli and the murA and glpT of K. pneumoniae isolates has not been determined. Conclusion: The fosfomycin resistance rate in community-acquired UTI was low, which supports the careful ongoing use of fosfomycin for the treatment of uncomplicated community-acquired UTI. FosA mediated resistance was the most common mechanism of fosfomycin resistance identified in this population.