Browsing by Author "Marais, Sumine"
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- ItemThe association between the metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density in pre- and post-menopausal farm workers(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-12) Marais, Sumine; Nell, Theo A.; Kruger, Maritza J.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Physiological Sciences.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction and aims: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing, both globally and in South Africa. Albeit so, limited data have been published in the South African context. One of the factors that appear to influence the prevalence of the MetS is menopausal status, with both the MetS, and menopausal status influencing bone mineral density (BMD); however, the reported results are inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, investigating bone health as well as the interactions between the MetS, menopausal status and bone health, in a farm working female population in the Western Cape. Methods: A total of n=80 females were recruited and classified with the MetS, using the International Diabetes Federations’ definition. The data collected included basic anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, BMD, and several questionnaires to obtain information regarding physical activity, demographic information, menstrual-, diet- and family health- history. The blood parameters that were measured included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), oestradiol (E2), fasting insulin (FI), fasting glucose (FG) and a lipid profile. Results: A relatively high prevalence of the MetS (55.0%) was reported in the current study. When investigating the separate MetS risk factors, most of the study participants had three risk factors (32.5%), with increased BP being the most prevalent MetS risk factor (72.5%). Factors that differed between MetS and Non-MetS sub-groups (according to menopausal status and age) included waist circumference (WC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Significant associations between body mass (BM) and E2, and body mass index (BMI) and E2, were limited to the PreM (20-39 years) age group with the MetS (r=0.58, p=0.03, and r=0.60, p=0.02). A total of 78.8% of the study participant had normal BMD. When correlating BM and speed of sound (SOS), significant associations were limited to the PreM (≥40 years) group (MetS: r=0.56, p=0.04, Non-MetS: r=0.76, p=0.00), and significant associations between BMI and SOS were noted in both PreM groups (MetS PreM 20-39 years: r=0.53, p=0.05, Non-MetS PreM ≥40 years: r=0.73, p=0.00). The significant correlations between FI and ALP (r=0.72, p=0.00), FG and ALP (r=0.89, p=0.00), and triglycerides with ALP (r=0.82, p=0.00) were limited to the PreM (≥40 years) group. Conclusion: The prevalence of the MetS was higher than that reported by previous South African studies. Irrespective of metabolic and menopausal status, most of the participants of the current study population had normal BMD. Key words: Metabolic syndrome, bone mineral density, menopause