Browsing by Author "Chikwanha, Obert C."
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- ItemBioavailability and bioefficacy of hemp by-products in ruminant meat production and preservation: a review.(2020) Semwogerere, Farouk; Katiyatiya, Chenaimoyo L. F.; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Mapiye, CletosPlant by-products obtained from agro-industrial processes require valorisation to demonstrate their potential for enhancing animal health, meat production, and shelf life extension. One example is the fast-growing hemp industry, which produces seeds, leaves, seed oil, and cake. Studies on the nutritional value of hempseed cake have shown it can be a valuable source of protein in ruminant diets. However, there is limited documentation on the bioavailability and bioefficacy of hemp phytochemicals for improving ruminant health, production, and extending meat shelf life. The current review provides an overview of existing information on nutrient and phytochemical composition of hemp by-products, their bioavailability, and bioefficacy, and explores current limitations and prospects regarding their valorisation.
- ItemLivelihood, food and nutrition security in Southern Africa : what role do indigenous cattle genetic resources play?(MDPI, 2020) Mapiye, Obvious; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Makombe, Godswill; Dzama, Kennedy; Mapiye, CletosOf the 345 million people in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), 30.6% are severely food insecure, 8% malnourished and 50% live with less than US $1 per day, respectively. Livelihood, food and nutrition security have, therefore, become key priorities for the SADC region in response to these complex challenges. Given that 70% of the SADC population directly rely on agriculture for food, nutrition and income, sustained agricultural productivity may play an important role in achieving livelihood, food and nutrition security in the region. Being an important part of the agri-food system of marginalised communities in the region, cattle have great potential to contribute to the goal of reducing food and nutrition insecurity. The region has a population size of about 64 million cattle of which 75% of the population is kept under the smallholder farming systems, and primarily composed of indigenous tropical breeds. Most indigenous cattle breeds are, however, either undergoing rapid genetic dilution or at risk of extinction. At the same time, their environments, production and marketing systems are experiencing high rates of change in time and space. More importantly, indigenous cattle breeds in the region are undervalued. This makes it uncertain that future systems will have the adapted cattle breeds required for optimal livelihoods, food and nutrition security. To this end, the promotion of sustainable use of indigenous cattle for livelihood, food and nutrition security in the SADC region is strongly recommended.
- ItemPolyunsaturated fatty acid, volatile and sensory profiles of beef from steers fed citrus pulp or grape pomace(Elsevier, 2020-11-28) Tayengwa, Tawanda; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Neethling, Jeannine; Dugan, Michael E. R.; Mutsvangwa, Timothy; Mapiye, CletosThe present study compared the effects of feeding dried grape pomace (DGP) or citrus pulp (DCP) at 150 g/kg dry matter compared to a control diet on major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), volatile and sensory profiles of beef. Feeding DGP or DCP diets to Angus steers for 90 d increased the proportions of C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C18:3n-3, total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), n-3 and n-6 PUFA in muscle. Control-fed beef had greater concentrations of C18:1n-9, total aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols compared to DCP and DGP. Feeding DGP and DCP diets produced less tender beef than control. Overall, finishing steers on diets containing DGP or DCP compared to control increased proportions of total CLA, n-3 and n-6 PUFA, and reduced concentrations of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols, but did not affect beef sensory attributes except for a slight reduction in tenderness.
- ItemSericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production : feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities(Elsevier, 2020-10-10) Mahachi, Leo N.; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Katiyatiya, Chenaimoyo L. F.; Marufu, Munyaradzi C.; Aremu, Adeyemi O.; Mapiye, CletosSmall ruminants significantly contribute towards livelihood, food and nutrition security for people living in semiarid low-to-middle-income countries. However, their productivity is largely constrained by feed shortages, prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and postharvest meat losses. The current review explores the possibility of using sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) as a natural helminth suppressant, feed ingredient and meat preservative for improving small ruminant health, meat production and shelf life. Sericea lespedeza has moderate contents of crude protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and diverse composition of physiologically active substances such as condensed tannins, sterols and flavanols from which it derives nutritional, anti-bloat, helminth suppressant, antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. Overall, the present review demonstrates the potential of feeding sericea lespedeza to small ruminants as a sustainable means of controlling GIN and enhancing meat production and shelf life, while also reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, more research is required to determine optimal feeding strategies and doses for reducing GHG emissions while improving health, meat production and quality of small ruminants.
- ItemSmallholder sheep farmers’ perceived impact of water scarcity in the dry ecozones of South Africa: determinants and response strategies(Elsevier B.V., 2021-09) Halimani, Twanani; Marandure, Tawanda; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Molotsi, Annelin H.; Abiodun, Babatunde J.; Dzama, Kennedy; Mapiye, CletosWater scarcity is amongst the major challenges threatening smallholder sheep production in subsistence-oriented communal farms in dryland areas. Local contextual factors are a prerequisite for effective policy development and optimisation of water resources management for smallholder sheep production. Two-hundred and fifty-two structured questionnaires were administered to investigate the contextual factors that influence smallholder farmers’ perceived impact of water scarcity on sheep production in the dry ecozones of the Cape provinces in South Africa and identify their local response strategies. Logit regression findings showed that a unit increase in private commercially-oriented arid farms, males, education level, flock size, adapted breeds and income from livestock increased farmers’ probability to perceive impact of water scarcity on sheep production. Regardless of ecozone and farm types, sheep farmers switched between water sources, provided supplementary feed and shade, used adapted breeds and alternative markets to manage the impact of water scarcity. Interventions to build resilience to water scarcity in the surveyed areas should target sheep farmers with low adaptive capacity, particularly less educated women relying on livestock income and farming with non-adapted breeds on subsistence-oriented communal farms in the semiarid ecozone.
- ItemSouthern African indigenous fruits and their byproducts : prospects as food antioxidants(Elsevier, 2020) Pfukwa, Trust M.; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Katiyatiya, Chenaimoyo L. F.; Fawole, Olaniyi A.; Manley, Marena; Mapiye, CletosThe discourse regarding plant-based preservatives for food application has generally revolved around extracts from commercial fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices with indigenous fruits (IFs) on the periphery, with little investment into their valorisation. While being important food sources at community level, IFs and their byproducts are also incorporated into medicinal remedies, combating various diseases. Their ethnomedicinal usage indicates potent bioactive profile that alleviate effects of oxidative stress, which accompany disease in vivo. This is supported by in vitro antioxidant activity of the IFs and their byproducts. As such, the current review explores the potential of bioprospecting extracts from nine IFs and their byproducts as food antioxidants. Evidence presented shows that IFs have high content of bioactive compounds further translating to high antioxidant activity. Research gaps in information concerning in vitro bioactivity warrant further research to provide impetus for valorisation and food application of IFs.
- ItemStrategies for sustainable use of indigenous cattle genetic resources in southern Africa(MDPI, 2019-11-12) Mapiye, Cletos; Chikwanha, Obert C.; Chimonyo, Michael; Dzama, KennedyIndigenous cattle breeds are the most important livestock species in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region owing to their role in human food, nutrition, income, and social security. Despite the role of these breeds in the household and national economies, they are currently underutilised, their productivity remains low, and populations are faced with extinction. In addition, there are insufficient measures taken to secure their present and future value. The current review highlights strategies for sustainable use of indigenous cattle genetic resources in the region, including the use of novel production and marketing practices, women and youth empowerment, and development of the appropriate capacity building, legislative, and policy structures. At present, the lack of coordination among the different stakeholders still poses a challenge to the implementation of these strategies. To this end, partnerships, collaboration, and stakeholders’ participation are recommended to effectively implement strategies for sustainable use of indigenous cattle breeds.