Masters Degrees (Microbiology)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Microbiology) by Author "Allsop, Simon"

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    Linkage analysis and lignin peroxidase gene expression in Phanerochaete chrysosporium
    (Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001-12) Allsop, Simon; Janse, B. J. H.; Van Zyl, Willem Heber; De Koker, T. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Microbiology.
    ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wood is composed of three main components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is the main structural polymer, whereas the function of lignin in plants is to impart rigidity to the cells, to waterproof the vascular system, and to protect the plant against pathogens. A group of microorganisms, called white-rot fungi, are able to selectively degrade the lignin and hemicellulose from wood leaving the cellulose virtually untouched. The most widely studied fungus of this group is the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which has become a model organism in studies of lignin degradation. Lignin is a large, heterogenous and water insoluble polymer and therefore the enzymes needed to degrade it have to be extracellular and non-specific. There are a number of enzymes that are involved in the degradation of lignin, including lignin peroxidases, manganese dependent peroxidases and laccases. Laecases are blue copper oxidases that require molecular oxygen to function, whereas lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases are heme proteins that require hydrogen peroxide. Phanerochaete chrysosporium has all three of these enzymes, as well as a system for producing the hydrogen peroxide that is necessary for peroxidases to function. For both scientific and industrial purposes, it is important to obtain linkage maps of the positions of genes in the genome of an organism. Most fungi, including P. chrysosporium, lack easily identifiable phenotypical markers that can be used to map the position of genes relative to each other on the genome. Previous methods of mapping genes in P. chrysosporium involved auxotrophic mutants, radioactivity, or the use of hazardous chemicals. Here we describe an automated DNA-sequencing based mapping technique that eliminates many of the problems associated with previous techniques. Portions of the genes to be mapped were amplified from homokaryotic single basidiospore cultures using gene specific primers using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The PCR products were sequenced to determine the segregation of alleles. Two previously mapped lignin peroxidases, lipA and lipC, were used to develop this method, and the results obtained corresponded to the known genetic linkage. A newly characterised 13-glucosidase encoding gene from P. chrysosporium was also mapped. Linkage was found between the 13-glucosidase gene and a histone (Hl) encoding gene. In P. chrysosporium the lignin peroxidase isozymes are encoded by a family of at least ten genes. Previous studies with P. chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 in defined media, wood and soil have shown differential expression of the lignin peroxidase isozymes. In this investigation the levels of expression of lignin peroxidases in P. chrysosporium ME446 cultures grown in nitrogen or carbon limited defined liquid media, as well as on aspen wood chips were determined by competitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-peR). These results were compared to those previously obtained from P. chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 to evaluate strain specific variation in the expression of lignin peroxidases. The results indicate that, although there were many similarities in the patterns of lignin peroxidase expression, there were also enough differences to conclude that there were strain specific variations in the temporal expression of the lignin peroxidases. To conclude, a fast and cost effective method for mapping genes in P. chrysosporium was developed. Also, we showed that strain specific variation in temporal expression of lignin peroxidases occurs.