Research Articles (History)

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Browsing Research Articles (History) by Author "Giliomee, Hermann"

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    Bantu education : destructive intervention or part of reform
    (North-West University, 2012-12) Giliomee, Hermann
    The introduction of public education for blacks in 1953 and the withdrawal of state subsidies from mission schools were among the most controversial measures that the National Party (NP) government took. In introducing Bantu Education the NP government was within the broad parameters of white interests and thinking at the time. There was no strong support in either the NP or United Party (UP) for large scale state spending on black education, no real demand from employers for well-educated black workers and a general concern among whites that educated blacks would become politicised if they were unable to find appropriate work. The state’s priority in introducing Bantu education was to reduce widespread black illiteracy. While Minister of Native Affairs Hendrik Verwoerd spelled out in crude and offensive terms that blacks would not be able to perform high-level jobs in “white South Africa”, it is wrong to assume that this was based on the assumption of black intellectual inferiority. Bantu education always lagged far behind white education with respect to per capita spending and the ratio of teacher to pupils in the class room. After 1994, ANC (African National Congress) leaders criticised the introduction of Bantu education in ever more strident terms, suggesting that it should be considered as a destructive intervention. The article argues that, viewed against the state of education that existed before 1953, it can be considered as part-reform in that it brought primary education to a far greater number of black children than was the case before 1953. The extensive use of mother tongue education was contentious, but several comparative studies show that the use of such a system in at least the first seven or eight years of the child’s education is superior to other systems. The school-leaving pass rate of 83.7% for black students in 1976 is the highest pass rate to date.
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    Mandela and the last Afrikaner leaders : a shift in power relations
    (North-West University, 2015-07) Giliomee, Hermann
    The stability of the apartheid system and the Afrikaners’ monopoly of power have been the subject of exhaustive scholarly analyses; by contrast, there have been few in-depth analyses of the unexpected transfer of power by the National Party government between 1989 and 1994.There is a strong tendency to present the Afrikaner leadership from Hendrik Verwoerd to PW Botha as being so beholden to the apartheid ideology and so intransigent that they missed all opportunities to negotiate a more balanced political settlement. Virtually no attention has been given to the informal attempts the leadership on both sides made to initiate talks about an alternative to white supremacy. The treatment of Nelson Mandela in the literature represents almost the complete opposite to that of the NP leaders. He has been presented as strongly committed to a nonracial democracy and a market-oriented economy. A reassessment of Nelson Mandela’s career has only just begun.
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    'The weakness of some' : the Dutch Reformed Church and white supremacy
    (Department of Old and New Testament, Stellenbosch University, 2003) Giliomee, Hermann
    The complex rise of segregation in Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) of South Africa and the fumbling efforts of the church to deal with its members’ prejudices represent a major challenge to historians. The key factor, often overlooked in the literature, is the influence of slavery that was both pervasive and pernicious. Among the Afrikaners it produced at the same time a strong egalitarian ethos, particularly in the interior, and a fierce rejection of gelykstelling or social levelling between them and slaves, ex-slaves and servants. The segregation of parishes made possible a more concerted DRC missionary effort. Along with segregated schools, laid, it laid the foundation of the segregation and apartheid orders, and provided the material basis of the Afrikaner nationalists’ “civil religion” of the twentieth century.