Masters Degrees (Afrikaans and Dutch)
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Browsing Masters Degrees (Afrikaans and Dutch) by browse.metadata.advisor "Gouws, R. H."
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- Item'n Aanleerderwoordeboek vir nultaalsprekers in ʼn Afrikaanse taalverwerwingskursus op universiteitsvlak(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015-12) Claassen, Dané; Gouws, R. H.; Adendorff, E. M.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Spcial Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Groot hoeveelheid navorsing is die afgelope paar dekades gedoen oor aanleerderwoordeboeke as tipologiese woordeboekonderafdeling. Ondanks al hierdie navorsing is die rol van aanleerderwoordeboeke in tersiêre taalleer met nultaalsprekers as teikengroep nog nie naastenby na behore ondersoek nie. Navorsing toon dat ’n goed gekose woordeboek, naas die opvoedkundige, ’n belangrike hulpmiddel is om die taalverwerwingsproses te verryk. Daar bestaan tans nie ’n eentalige of tweetalige aanleerderwoordeboek wat spesifiek gerig is op nultaalsprekers wat Afrikaans op tersiêre vlak aanleer nie. Taalverwerwingsdosente en taalfasiliteerders moet dus die gaping ten beste probeer vul deur woordeboeke soos Pharos se Aanleerderswoordeboek vir skole/Learner’s dictionary for schools en Longman-HAT se Afrikaans Dictionary and Grammar for English speakers vir hierdie aanleerders voor te skryf. Die hoofdoelwitte van hierdie studie kan soos volg opgesom word: om die mate te meet waarin hierdie “kompenserende” woordeboeke die leksikografiese behoeftes van nultaalsprekers op tersiêre vlak bevredig, om terugvoer van die teikengebruikers self te kry en om voorstelle te maak vir die moontlike samestelling van ’n aanleerderwoordeboek vir nultaalsprekers wat Afrikaans as derde of verdere taal op universiteitsvlak aanleer. Die studie is aanvanklik uitgevoer met die Funksieteorie as uitgangspunt, maar ook later gekombineer met die Algemene Teorie van Leksikografie, byvoorbeeld Wiegand (1998), as raamwerk. Taalverwerwingskursusse verskil van universiteit tot universiteit en dus is slegs die algemene en belangrikste leksikografiese behoeftes van hierdie nultaalsprekers bepaal. Die rede vir die analisering van hierdie spesifieke twee woordeboeke is omdat dit onderskeidelik voorgeskryf word by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch en die Nelson Mandela Metropolitaanse Universiteit. Die mate waarin ’n spesifieke woordeboek voldoen aan die bevrediging van ’n sekere teikengroep se leksikografiese behoeftes word nie slegs deur die leksikograaf bepaal nie, maar ook deur die teikengebruiker. Die huidige woordeboekkultuur is vasgestel deur die Nasionale Kurrikulum- en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (NKAV), wat tans in die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolsisteem gevolg word, onder die vergrootglas te bring. Op grond hiervan word voorstelle vir formele woordeboekonderrig op universiteitsvlak gemaak, wat beide algemene en spesifieke woordeboekonderrig insluit.
- Item'n Analise van die selfoon-WAT : 'n grondslag vir die verbetering van selfoonwoordeboeke(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-03) Du Plessis, Andre Henny; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Modern technological advances create a lexicographic shift from primarily printed dictionaries to electronic dictionaries or reference works. This shift influences both practical and theoretical lexicography and culminates in the field of e-lexicography. Within the field of e-lexicography the possibilities for new research avenues are formed which are based on i) new lexicographic products that need to satisfy a range of new users, and ii) adapting existing products to the electronic sphere in order to satisfy new and existing users. Furthermore, the rise of mobile phone and smartphone usage (in South Africa) provides the opportunity for lexicographers to exploit a new market. Therefore the demand for mobile lexicographic tools cannot be undervalued, especially in an era where the mobile phone plays such an immense role in a user’s day-to-day activities. This also applies to Afrikaans dictionaries, dictionary users and lexicographers. Unfortunately no fully functional Afrikaans mobile dictionary currently exists. This study focuses on the mobile phone versions of current Afrikaans dictionaries, especially the mobile WAT (Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal). The aim of this study is to highlight the shortcomings of this (and possibly) other mobile dictionaries. The lack of theories for the development and evaluation of electronic dictionaries is also problematic in the sense that an analysis of any mobile dictionary needs to be based on a sound theoretical framework. Therefore this study also investigates theories that are applicable for an analysis of electronic dictionaries. The Afrikaans mobile dictionaries are practically tested with the identified theoretical criteria. These analyses lead to the formulation of guidelines and recommendations for the improvement of mobile dictionaries. These recommendations form the preliminary work or foundation for the creation of an eventual model for mobile dictionary development and design. Finally, this study aims to shed light on the fundamental problems that impede the lexicographic and development process of mobile dictionary design in South Africa. Further research possibilities within the field of e-lexicography are also presented where applicable.
- ItemAspekte van die leksikografiese hantering van variante met spesifieke verwysing na Namibiese Afrikaans(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1995-12) Beuke, Christina Maria; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the past Afrikaans played an important role in Namibia, and this will not necessarily change in future. Throughout the years, Afrikaans in Namibia has developed its own character in which the mother tongue speakers take pride. The inclusion of Namibian Afrikaans in Afrikaans dictionaries will be evidence of the prominence of the language in a country where it is no longer one of the official languages. The main purpose of this thesis is to look at the different ways in which a variety like Namibian Afrikaans is dealt with. This brought other matters to light which need to be considered, for example the marking of lexical items, Afrikaans being a language that includes many different types of substandard variants.
- ItemDie behandeling van zero-ekwivalensie in tweetalige woordeboeke(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Rademeyer, Linda; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In lexicography different types of equivalent relations can be identified regarding bilingual dictionaries namely full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Zero equivalence prevails where the target language has no item to be co-coordinated as a translation equivalent with a lemma representing a source language item. Lexical gaps occur where a language lacks a word for a given concept. Dagut (1981) identifies different types of semantic gaps in the transfer of a text from one language to another. He distinguishes between gaps due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. These two categories are called linguistic and referential gaps respectively. A solution for the above mentioned lexicographic problem is given in the present theory of zero equivalence namely surrogate equivalents. The present theory of zero equivalence is expanded in this thesis by making specific reference to its occurrence in Pharos (2005). Different factors that lead to zero-equivalence are discussed and these factors are used to identify different types of zero equivalence. These types of zero equivalence are the following: zero equivalence caused by linguistic and referential gaps as well as grammatical zero equivalence and partial zero equivalence. In a multilingual society like South Africa where many different culture groups exist and people are encouraged to learn an additional language many different types of bilingual dictionaries are needed. When two languages are compared with each other during the compilation of a bilingual dictionary the lexicographer will always be confronted with zero equivalence, especially when the users of the two languages have vastly different cultures. Thus it is necessary to expand on the present theory of zero equivalence within the South African context. In the last section of the thesis the different options at the lexicographer‟s disposal in dealing with the different types of zero equivalence are discussed. Another aspect that gets attention throughout this thesis is the dictionary users of certain dictionaries, among others Pharos (2005), and their specific needs.
- ItemDie bewerking van idiome in tweetalige woordeboeke : 'n hulp vir vertalers?(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006-03) Gouws, Liezl; Feinauer, A. E.; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.
- ItemA critical evaluation of bilingual Chinese/English dictionaries for elementary and intermediate Mandarin learners at Stellenbosch University(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-03) Wang, Mei; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The number of Chinese-learners in South Africa has increased rapidly in recent years, but the quality of the dictionaries that are available for their use has not improved much. The more students study Chinese, the more it becomes necessary to create suitable dictionaries to facilitate their studies. In the hope of meeting this need, this study selects two written dictionaries commonly used by students at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, namely the Oxford Beginner's Chinese Dictionary and the Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary, to analyze, comment on and compare in terms of structure and equivalence. Using the results of this analysis, this study offers suggestions for improving the quality of future Mandarin learner’s dictionaries. This study takes into consideration the situation faced by students when learning Chinese abroad, especially in South Africa, the development of pedagogical lexicography in Chinese-learner’s dictionaries in China and abroad, the relationship between online dictionaries and written dictionaries, and some special characteristics of the Chinese language, all of which factors greatly influence the making of a dictionary. Theoretically and methodically, this study is based on Function Theory as presented by Sven Tarp. According to Function Theory, before writing a dictionary, lexicographers must analyze specific types of users in specific types of situations. This study attempts to follow Tarp’s suggestion by analyzing a small group of dictionary users with the help of a survey conducted by the author in an attempt to get a general idea of how Mandarin learners at Stellenbosch University use dictionaries. The main focus of this study is the frame structure, microstructure, macrostructure and dictionary equivalence in two dictionaries--Concise and Beginner’s. After carefully analyzing these aspects of the dictionaries, the author identifies the sections of these dictionaries which successfully present information in a way that will be most beneficial for their intended audiences. The study goes on to pinpoint less-successful sections of the two dictionaries and provides suggestions for improvement. In sum, this study focuses on using the principle of Function Theory to determine what features should be included in Mandarin learner’s dictionaries to make them more suitable for elementary and intermediate learners of Mandarin at Stellenbosch University, in South Africa, and, by extension, in other parts of the world.
- ItemA Critical Evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH with Regard to Source- and Target-Language Forms(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006-12) Pienaar, Sole; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.In its Preface the WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH claims to be suitable for both native and foreign speakers of Afrikaans and German. This study presents an evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/ WÖRTERBUCH to determine to what extent the dictionary can be regarded as a helpful and up-to-date tool for the user, whether he or she is a native or foreign speaker of the language pair treated in this dictionary. This ultimate aim is to determine to what degree WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH can serve as a helpful tool in translation. Theoretically and methodically the study is based on the dictionary usage research by HE Wiegand, with the genuine purpose of the dictionary as the main principle. The genuine purpose of the dictionary forms the basis of the theoretical and practical analysis. The study contains a short overview of the development of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH from when it was first published as a monolingual dictionary for native speakers of Afrikaans who wanted to learn German in 1925 to the publication of the eighth edition in 1983, which claims to be a new and more effective source of information for both languages, to enable closer relations between South Africa and Germany. This is followed by a lexicographic discussion on the concepts underlying the planning of a dictionary, with the emphasis on lexicographic processes and lexicographic functions. The problematic issue of active and passive dictionaries is discussed, concluding with the preference for a dictionary orientated towards text production in the case of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH, which would enable translation from Afrikaans into German and vice versa. The problematic nature of equivalent relations is discussed in detail and forms the main focus of the empirical study and the practical study. The evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH is continued in the practical study, where the genuine purpose of the dictionary and the lexicographic functions are the main criteria. The empirical study analyses the actual problems target users have when consulting the dictionary in the context of the genuine purpose of the dictionary. The study is concluded with the statement that WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH should be revised thoroughly and that this revision can only be successful if it is based on an up-to-date, representative corpus of both Afrikaans and German; and when the lexicographer is steered by the lexicographic functions and the needs of the target user, which determine the genuine purpose of the dictionary.
- ItemDivergensie as ekwivalentverhouding: 'n Vergelykende studie tussen Tweetalige Woordeboek/Bilingual Dictionary en Groot Woordeboek/Major Dictionary(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002-03) Muller, Annake; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is aimed at the problems originating from the lack of an adequate lexicographical handling of divergence as an equivalent relation. In this study the method in which divergence is dealt with in bilingual dictionaries is evaluated critically. Tweetalige Woordeboek/Bilingual Dictionary and Groot Woordeboek/ Major Dictionary are taken as the basis for the evaluation. The theoretical component of the lexicography is tested in practice - in the mentioned dictionaries - by evaluating the dictionary entries in terms of sufficient examples. Problems are identified and recommendations given for solving these problems. Subsequently a comparison is made between Tweetalige Woordeboek/Bilingual Dictionary and Groot Woordeboek /Major Dictionary regarding the way data is dealt with as well as their underlying theoretical approach to divergence as equivalent relation. Findings regarding the acceptability of the mentioned are given.
- Item'n Empiriese ondersoek na die bydrae van tweetalige skoolwoordeboeke en werkboeke by graad 11-leerders(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2020-03) Burger, Lize; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The important role of dictionary teaching and the contribution of workbooks has been a subject under scrutiny by some authors, but bilingual school dictionaries, specifically bilingual school dictionaries with Afrikaans and English as language pair, dictionary workbooks and curriculum workbooks have received little attention in theoretical publications, and therefore specific attention is paid to these three areas and their contribution to the teaching of Afrikaans First Additional Language. My honours study aimed to emphasize the importance of dictionary teaching and the support that workbooks can offer, with both a dictionary and curriculum element, and to identify areas for improvement in the books involved. The content of the dictionaries and workbooks had been addressed from a user perspective, but no field research had been done. There is still a need for research in the field itself, namely in schools. In this study, I continue my research, including doing field research in a school, specifically with Grade 11 learners. This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of the practical use of bilingual school dictionaries and workbooks in language learning. The results of this study should determine which types of exercises (dictionary exercises only, curriculum exercises only or a combination of the two) best equip the learners and assist with the learning of Afrikaans First Additional Language. Furthermore, this study aims to prove that a workbook with a dictionary and a curriculum element (in other words with dictionary and curriculum exercises) can make a very valuable contribution to the learning of Afrikaans First Additional Language. A framework for a combination workbook was compiled on the basis of the data analysis of the results obtained in the field research. The dictionary that is used in this field research is the Pharos Bilingual School Dictionary (PTS). The workbooks that are used are the Pharos Learner Book with the School Dictionary (Learner Book) and the X-Kit Achieve! Grade 11 & 12 English First Additional Language (X-Kit).
- Item'n Evaluering van die semantiese inligting in die verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1990-12) Fouche, Michele; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of African Languages.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An evaluation of semantic information in a dictionary must take into account all aspects of meaning of lexical items. Therefore the different homonyms and polysemous senses of lexical items and the underlying semantic relations between lexical items are accounted for. A description should be given of the lexical items which form the macrostructure of HAT. These lexical items include sublexical, multilexical and free lexical items. The treatment of multilexical items in HAT is not satisfactory at present and suggestions are made for the improvement of the situation. Possible solutions for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy are given. Suggestions to determine the possible polysemous senses of a lexical item are also made. The ordering of polysemous senses and different homonyms are discussed. It is essential to make use of a synchronic criterion to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. The HAT's treatment of semantic relations between lexical items is not always very succesfull. The semantic relation which receives the most substantial treatment is that of semantic inclusion between lexical items. The HAT's treatment of synonyms is not without problems. More attention should be given to semantic linking and semantic opposition between lexical items. An evaluation of the system of cross-references in HAT is given, with special reference to the function of cross-references. Sometimes indistinct typographical conventions are used and they confuse the user of the dictionary. The indistinct use of typographical conventions has a detrimental influence on the transfer of information. The cross-reference system of HAT can be improved by an informative explanation in the general introduction, focusing on ways and means to use it more specifically, unambiguously and consistently. A distinction is made between various types of definitions used to define lemmas. Well known lexicographic definitions such as definitions per genus et differentia, synonymdefinitions, example definitions, circular definitions and descriptive definitions are discussed. The usage definition and two definitions which explicate a semantic plus value, the contrast and diminutive definitions, are identified. Attention is also given to the role of the general introduction in a standard synchronic dictionary. Suggestions are made to improve the general introduction of HAT.
- ItemExamples in South African school dictionaries : from theory to practice(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010-03) Hiles, Lorna; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that illustrative examples are useful in dictionaries, particularly school and learner’s dictionaries. The South African school situation presents unique challenges to lexicographers, as most learners are being taught in English, which is not their home language, so a monolingual school dictionary is used as a learner’s dictionary, and a bilingual school dictionary may not contain the learner’s first language. This research aims to find out how useful examples are to South African learners, and how one can evaluate the effectiveness of examples in dictionaries. The first method used in this thesis is the development of a table of categories, which is used to analyse, compare and evaluate illustrative examples in five different South African school dictionaries. The data from this table is presented in detail, and the results are discussed and conclusions drawn. The second method makes use of questionnaires given to learners to find out whether they are aware of the supportive functions of examples in dictionaries. The result of the table of categories is a set of guidelines and recommendations for selecting or inventing suitable examples for use in school dictionaries. The table of categories can also be used to analyse and compare the examples in existing dictionaries. The result of the learner questionnaires is that learners do actively look for support for the definition in examples, especially if the headword is new to them, or they do not understand the definition. The conclusion of this thesis is that examples are an important part of a dictionary entry and need to be chosen with care, to provide as much support as possible, within the space constraints of that particular dictionary
- ItemDie hantering van Polisemie (en die oorvleueling daarvan met Homonimie) in die Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal en Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997-03) Hill, Branwell Rohan; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie skripsie word die hanteringswyses van Polisemie en, in samehang daarmee, Homonimie wat deur twee Afrikaanse woordeboeke gevolg word, ondersoek. Polisemie en Homonimie oorvleuel dikwels in die twee bronne onder bespreking, en dit lei uiteraard tot die oordra van misleidende inligting aan die woordeboekgebruiker. Aspekte van sodanige oorvleueling waarna in hierdie skripsie gekyk word, sluit in die geneigdheid tot 'n diachroniese eerder as 'n sinchroniese indeling, doeblette, nuutskeppings en bykomende betekenisonderskeidings, die grens tussen polisemie en homonimie, die etimologie van woorde, samestellings waar die stam van die primere betekenisonderskeiding weggegroei het, fleksievorme en enkele afleidings, subwoordelike leksi kale i terns, ui tdrukkings, konsekwente ordening van polisemiese waardes, polisemiese en homonimiese verwysing en woorde wat semanties verbleek het. Ook word 'n voorstel gemaak . vir die konsekwente ordening van homonieme (wat tans op lukrake manier gedoen word). Omdat polisemie en homonimie 'n groot deel van woordeboeke beslaan, is dit baie belangrik dat hedendaagse leksikograwe ten volle op hoogte van die twee semantiese kategoriee onderverdeling, asook hoe mo et sulke wees, hulle inligting op konsekwente wyse aan die gebruiker oorgedra moet word.
- ItemDie leksikografiese hantering van morfologies gemerkte geslagsopposisiepare in Afrikaanse woordeboeke, met spesifieke verwysing na die Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1995-12) Beyer, Herman Louis; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The principal objective of the unilingual explanatory dictionary is to explain the meanings of lexical items. This is done, among other ways, by defining the collection of lexical items in the macro structure and by indicating the semantic relations in which the items stand. The explaining lexicographer is in fact charged with explicating semantic relations between lexical items. One such a semantic relation as a type of semantic opposition, namely gender opposition. A semantic relation of gender opposition exists between two lexical items which differ semantically in the first instance with regard to the semantic component [GENDER], e.g. man x woman and waiter x waitress. A pair of lexical items like this forms a gender opposition pair. Gender opposition is lexicalised in two ways in Afrikaans, namely lexically and morphologically.
- ItemLexicographic inconsistency in the central list of major dictionary/groot woordeboek(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000-12) Brand, J. E. (Johanna Elizabeth); Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences . Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries should have a decoding as well as an encoding function. Decoding dictionaries want to assist the user in interpreting the language, while encoding dictionaries want to help the user with the usage of the language. The present role of a bilingual or translation dictionary has to change from that of supplying only translation equivalents to one of supplying a more comprehensive data presentation. This should also include additional semantic and pragmatic information. The main aim of a bilingual dictionary should not only be the establishment of a relation of semantic equivalence between source and target language, but also reaching communicative equivalence in the process. This means that the user must be able to find the applicable equivalent of the source language item in the target language. One of the best ways for a lexicographer to test the communicative aptness of a given translation equivalent, is by means of the reversibility principle. It means that lexical item A, included as translation equivalent of lemma B in the X-section of a bidirectional translation dictionary, has to be included as a lemma in the Y-section ofthe dictionary with at least the lexical item B, the relevant lemma from the X-section, as one of its translation equivalents. Each lexical item included as a translation equivalent in the Y-section has to be included as the lemma in the X-section of the dictionary with at least the respective lemma from the Ysection as a translation equivalent. This thesis tries to show how, if not adhered to the above principles, an inferior product can be the result of many hours of painstaking work. The main problematic areas are inter alia those of labels, spelling inconsistencies and an absence of translation equivalents. However, some of the less obvious problematic areas are also touched upon.
- ItemMacrostructural and microstructural strategies to enhance reference quality of Thanodi ya Setswana(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000-12) Mokone, Nickey Seroke; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ineffective treatment procedures of lexical items and inadequate information in the macrostructure and microstructure reduce the value of the reference quality of Thanodi of Setswana. This prompted an attempt at suggesting improvements with regard to the treatment and information retrieval of lexical items. This dictionary is not consistent in its use of structural marketslreference symbols to mark vital lexicographic information and reference addresses. Homonyms are not given the comprehensive lexicographic treatment, that would enable the user to access all relevant linguistic and semantic information, Another shortcoming is the lack of the use of labels on some headwords in this dictionary. The treatment procedure given to synonyms in this dictionary fails to provide the relevant information that the user needs. There is a lack of semantic linking among synonyms, because of the inadequate use of cross-reference symbols and reference markers. Loan-words are not marked to indicate their linguistic origin and to recognise them as being part of the Setswana lexicon and conveying lexicographic information. The unavailability of usage notes as part of the treatment of Thanodi ya Setswana, reduces the reference quality of the dictionary as a source of linguistic information. The use of this semantic information as part of the definiens is important to avoid unclear lemma definitions. The treatment procedure given to certain lemmas in this dictionary, suggests that the space saving principle is ignored. There are repeated definitions in the articles of synonymous lemmas and this creates redundancy. It is suggested that synonymous lemmas be treated by a crossreference depending on their usage frequency. The more frequently used lemmas should be given full lexicographic treatment and the less frequently used lemmas be given a partial treatment. The treatment of nouns in this dictionary also reduces its reference quality. Singular nouns are lemmatized but plural nouns are not lemmatized, The exclusion of these plural nouns in the macrostructure of this dictionary disadvantages an inexperienced user, especially in cases where these plural forms are more frequently used than the singular forms. A strategy to lemmatize both singular and plural nouns can maximise the usefulness of the dictionary. There are sublexical lexical items that are part of the Setswana lexicon but are not lemmatized in this dictionary. These sublexicallexical items should be lemmatized to recognise their status as lexical items. The treatment procedure given to inflectional and deficient verbs is a cause for concern in this dictionary. Instead of semantic information being provided, a derivation process is shown in the dictionary's article. This poor treatment given to these lexical items, leads to other senses of the lemma being left out and not being found by the dictionary user. The suggested strategies in the treatment of lexical items and the making available of lexicographic information, would make this dictionary more user-friendly. With such improvements, this dictionary would benefit the dictionary user.
- Itemn Model vir ʼn aanlyn vakwoordeboek vir geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS)(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2019-04) Theron, Lize-Mari; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) consists of computer hardware and software that researchers use to solve spatial problems. It is not difficult to gain access to GIS equipment, but it is difficult to gain the skills, knowledge and training needed to operate it. The available online GIS dictionaries are not the necessary resources for GIS pedagogy in South Africa. There is currently no dictionary for GIS based on the theory of lexicography, and there is no GIS dictionary that provides terminology in Afrikaans. Based on the function theory and the general theory of lexicography, this study presents a model for a specialized online GIS dictionary. This specialized GIS dictionary has been planned from the outset as an online dictionary for students who take the Geographic Communication module at Stellenbosch University. The first task in developing a specialized GIS dictionary model is to identify the user needs. Data is collected through qualitative research methods and deduction is used to analyse the data. In the second task the existing specialized online GIS dictionaries are evaluated to identify good and poor features. The third and last task is to use the findings of the first two tasks to conceptualise a model for a new specialized online GIS dictionary. This model presents a specialized dictionary that can be classified as a hybrid dictionary because it contains aspects of both mono- and bilingual dictionaries. This GIS specialized dictionary can fill the gap in GIS pedagogy and it can have a positive influence on the general dictionary culture of the students.
- ItemOndersoek na 'n model vir die opleiding van leksikograwe vir verklarende woordeboeke(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003-12) Keyser, Helane; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans & Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the past work on theoretical lexicography was often done simply "incidentally", usually flowing from research in pure linguistics. In the course of time theoretical lexicography and the compilation of dictionaries developed into a fully fledged discipline. The successful lexicographer requires particular characteristics and skills of a high quality. It appears from discussions with editors of dictionaries that even the best academic training does not necessarily produce an excellent lexicographer, as the compilation of dictionaries is a process that requires the skilful integration of theory, practice and language intuition. This study has tried to identify the knowledge, characteristics and skills that are necessary in order to train prospective lexicographers. An attempt has been made, by way of a selective literature review and conducting interviews with people engaged in the practice of lexicography, to design a model for the training of lexicographers. The study has shown that the training of lexicographers should not focus only on the theoretical aspects, but that in-service training or experience with a publisher of dictionaries is very important. A proposal is made on the subjects that should receive attention in the training of lexicographers. As part of the training model every prospective lexicographer should receive grounding in the development of management skills. A model for the compilation of dictionaries should emphasise the importance of a well thought-through conceptualisation of a plan for a dictionary as part of the lexicographical process. Lexicographers should be trained in the lexicographical process, from the collection of data to the preparation of the dictionary for publication. The purpose of the dictionary should also be identified as part of the planning phase. Prospective lexicographers must, among other things, build up an extensive knowledge of metalexicography, the general theory of lexicography, the management and planning of a dictionary project, the lexicographical process (from the collection of data to the publication and evaluation of dictionaries), aspects regarding the theories of semantics, morphology, phonology and syntax, and computer lexicography. Finally, a recommendation is made that certain components of lexicography training should also be undertaken at technikons rather than only at universities - this proposition should be researched further.
- ItemThe role of the South African national lexicography units in the planning and compilation of multifunctional bilingual dictionaries(Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006-03) Mongwe, Mkomati John; Gouws, R. H.; University of Stellenbosch. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.In my research I will comment on the development of the national lexicography units in South Africa, following the establishment of the eleven official languages in South Africa in the post-apartheid society. I will also outline the weaknesses that exist in the traditional dictionaries to ensure limited mistakes in the lexicographic sector. I strongly believe that bilingual dictionaries in a multilingual society like South Africa, especially printed dictionaries, will play a great role in the African society as there is a shortage of reference sources, to assist translators in the development of our languages. The research will also advocate society to fight the major challenges faced by the national lexicography units in South Africa and other countries. I hope that with the research people will become aware of the necessity of using a dictionary at all times and that dictionaries are not only used for professional purposes by academics and highly qualified people, but can also be used for pleasure.
- Item'n Taalkundige en leksikografiese perspektief op troeteltaal in Afrikaans(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012-03) Simpson, Gerda E.; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus in this paper is on terms of endearment, and initially linking it with love, affection and care, which prominently feature in the oldest ancient languages. Users of dictionaries are motivated by finding and understanding the unbelievable variety of words in languages. In many faiths/religions people give credence to a perception that love and understanding of one another's needs and aspirations form the true basis of successful interpersonal relationships but as yet no consensus has been reached. The data was empirically collected through personal conversations with local people, including children, the young generation, parents and grandparents, staff of banks, supermarkets and bookshops. A distinction is made between terms generally used for kids, adults, men and women according to context in usage and the meanings thereof as reported by respondents, varying from seriously meant (dearest), to affectionate (darling, beloved) to mere superficial friendship (pal, love). As the focus was on Afrikaans which is the home language of the most residents in the Western Cape, according to information received from Statistics South Africa, and the knowledge as well as present usage of the word 'troetel' as a term of endearment, the English equivalents and additional similar terms are not of importance here. The impression is, however, that a special nuance of emotion is attached to the usage of the mentioned examples. Dictionaries should include terms of endearment known in the colloquial language at the time of their compilation and must be reliable sources of information regarding vocabulary, ways to address people and the varying degrees of communication in the wide distinguishable variety of contexts.
- ItemA theoretical model for a dictionary of the endangered Sherpa language(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2017-03) Lee, Sang Yong; Gouws, R. H.; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Afrikaans and Dutch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to Ethnologue (2015) every year an average of 6 languages are disappearing from this world, and 1,531 languages among 7,102 are classified as ‘threatened’ or ‘shifting’. These languages are the endangered languages. This is a reason, why linguists need to help to protect the language ‘species’ like the protection directed at other types of categories like wild life, animals, fishes, etc. in order to preserve the species. There are a few ways to preserve the languages, which are under the danger of becoming extinct. Hinton (2001) pointed out that the most important thing to do for the endangered languages is to document the knowledge of the speakers of these languages as thoroughly as possible. Tsunoda (2005) described the theory of the holistic approach as the best way to document one language. As a method of holistic approaches dictionary compiling is a synthetic result of all grammatical analysis, and a great repository of vocabulary items. The purpose of this thesis is to present a model for a dictionary of the endangered Sherpa language as an example of how a dictionary for endangered languages can be planned and compiled. For this purpose, attention is given to the situation of endangered languages in the world, with a focus on the importance of compiling dictionaries to revitalize the languages. The situation of the Sherpa language is explained as a sample case of some problems of documentation. Aspects of lexicography theories, i.e. dictionary typology, the theoretical approach to standard-preserving dictionaries, the general theory of Wiegand, and the function theory are discussed. Data collection is treated but it is shown that before getting involved in data collection, the language study should be done in order to ensure a clear distinction between the different dialects and variants. Two kinds of data collection are then discussed, i.e. data collection by means of a lexicographic corpus and by employing semantic domains. The structures of the envisaged Sherpa Dictionary as a model for the endangered languages are then discussed. The structural description of the Sherpa Dictionary, i.e. the outer texts (front matter and back matter), and the central list with the emphasis on the macro- and microstructure are discussed. In this thesis, I tried to distinguish the method of dictionary compilation for the endangered languages from the method of dictionary compilation for languages that are not under the threat of extinction. This thesis will present guidelines for the envisaged Sherpa Dictionary, and will hopefully also be a model for dictionaries of other endangered languages.