Landscape and Paleoclimatic influences on the genetic population structure of four forest-dependent passerines in the Eastern Cape of South Africa

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic activity has placed increasing pressure on the restricted, fragmented forest biome of South Africa. Recent assessments of forest-dependent avifauna strongly indicate the vulnerability of this taxon to deforestation, and ongoing forest exploitation. Half of the forest- dependent bird species in South Africa have reportedly experienced range declines over the past quarter century, most notably within forests of the Eastern Cape province that are incorporated in the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Biodiversity Hotspot. These apparent declines have motivated a need to understand the population dynamics, and forest connectivity patterns of forest-dependent avifauna within the country, to better inform conservation efforts seeking to preserve the genetic integrity of these vulnerable bird species. This study investigated the population genetic structures of four range-declining forest- dependent Oscine passerines across the Eastern Cape and southern KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa: Batis capensis (range decline: 1.30%), Cossypha dichroa (range decline: 19.53%), Phylloscopus ruficapilla (range decline 20.69%), and Pogonocichla stellata (range decline 23.02%). These four bird species are small-bodied (<50g) insectivores, that preferentially inhabit the temperate Afromontane forests, and represent a globally important functional group vulnerable to forest fragmentation. The landscape genetics study conducted on these four species revealed that reported range declines did not correspond closely to the genetic responses of these bird species to anthropogenic activity. Batis capensis showed substantial geneflow disruption, and declining effective populations, whereas P. ruficapilla and P. stellata populations appeared comparatively stable, although P. stellata did exhibit geneflow disruption. Only the South African endemic C. dichroa displayed simultaneous decline in distribution and effective population size, alongside geneflow disruptions, highlighting a vulnerability to forest loss and degradation. Landscape resistance modelling revealed the importance of both forest and coastal/mesic thicket for maintaining geneflow within these species. A phylogeographic study investigated the regional species-climate relationships of B. capensis, P. ruficapilla and P. stellata. The effective populations of these species were found not to have been constrained during the last glacial maximum – a climate event speculated to have resulted in drastically restricted forest distributions across South Africa. Furthermore, lowland scarp forests were affirmed as climate refugia for B. capensis and P. stellata, while the Afromontane forests of the Amatole Mountains and central Transkei appear to have harboured regional source populations of P. ruficapilla. Finally, comprehensive mist-netting of regional forests during sampling collection for the genetic studies afforded an opportunity to compare the effectiveness of point counts and mist- netting survey techniques at representing aspects of regional forest bird community structure. These comparisons found that point counts alone were sufficient to reliably assess these bird communities, with mist-netting contributing negligibly towards species detection. Combined survey efforts under-represented forest-edge foragers, woodland and grassland habitat generalists (collectively comprising ~63.6% total diversity), large birds, Palaearctic migrants, and carnivores (raptors), highlighting the potential shortcomings of these survey techniques in determining bird community composition. Overall, this study provided novel insights into forest connectivity; and past forest dynamics of forest-dependent insectivorous passerines within previously poorly investigated forests of the southern Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Biodiversity Hotspot, and provides recommendations for future field surveys of these forests.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Antropogeniese aktiwiteite plaas toenemende druk op die gefragmenteerde woudbioom van Suid-Afrika. Onlangse studies van voël spesies wat afhanklik is van die woudbioom, dui sterk op die negatiewe gevolge van ontbossing en die gevare daarvan op hierdie soort voëls. Verskeie waarnemings dui aan dat die getalle van meer as die helfte van die woudafhanklike voël spesies oor die afgelope kwart eeu gedaal het, veral in die woude in die Oos-Kaap Provinsie, en spesifiek in die Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany distrik. Hierdie afname is ʼn groot motiveerder vir rehabilitasie programme as deel van bewaringpogings binne woude om sodoende die bevolkingsgetalle van verskeie voël spesies te laat groei. Hierdie studie fokus spesifiek op die bevolkingsgenetika van vier woudafhanklike voël spesies wat dalings in hulle getalle vertoon en wat voorkom in die Oos-Kaap- en suidelike dele van die KwaZulu-Natal Provinsies: Batis Capensis (streeksafname: 1.30%), Cossypha dichroa (streeksafname: 19.53%), Phylloscopus ruficapilla (streeksafname: 20.69%), en Pogonocichla stellata (streeksafname: 23.02%). Hierdie vier voëlspesies is klein insekvreters (<50 g) en is woonagtig in Afrobergagtige-woude. Al vier voëlspesies bekleë ʼn belangrike rol in woude wat bedreig word deur woudfragmentasie. Die landskapsgenetika studie wat op die vier voëlspesies gedoen is, het bewys dat die afname van die spesies se gatelle nie in noue vervantskap saamwerk nie en dat dit ook nie ‘n genetiese reaksies op antropogene aktiwiteite is nie. Batis capensis het aansienlike geenvloei ontwrigting en afnemende populasies getoon, terwyl die bevolkings van P. ruficapilla en P. stellata relatief stabiel voorgekom het oor tyd, maar P. stellata het wel ontwrigting van geenvloei vertoon oor tyd. Slegs C. dichroa het ‘n gelyktydige afname in verspreidingsgebied asook ‘n groeiende bevolkingsgrootte getoon, en tesame met die ontwrigting van geenvloei beklemtoon dit die kwesbaarheid van die woudgebied. Modellering van landskapweerstand het die belangrikheid van beide woud en kus gebiede beklemtoon vir die voortbestaan van hierdie voëlspesies. Hierdie filogeografiese studie het ook spesifiek gefokus op die verwantskap tussen die vier voëlspesies en plaaslike klimaatsveranderinge. Daar is gevind dat die effektiewe bevolkingsgroote van B. capensis, C. dichroa, P. ruficapilla, en P. stellata gedurende die laaste gletsermaksimum nie ingekrimp het nie – ʼn klimaatsgebeurtenis waar bespiegel word dat die verspreiding van woude in Suid-Afrika drasties vermeerder het. Verder het die studie bewys dat woudgebiede wat teen die escarpement voorkom in die Oos-Kaap- en Kwazulu Natal Provinsies dien as kerngebied vir B. capensis en P. stellata, terwyl die Afrobergagtige woude van die Amatole berge en sentraal Transkei dien as plaaslike bronbevolkings vir P. ruficapilla. Ten slotte is omvattende mistnet-werk in streekswoude gedoen tydens veldwerk, wat die geleentheid geskep het om die effektiwiteit van punt-tellings te vergelyk met plaaslike woudvoëlgemeenskapstrukture. Hierdie vergelyking het bevind dat net die punt-tellings voldoende is om voëlspesies te bestudeer met misnet-werk wat kan bydra tot die vastelling van die voël verskeidenheid in woude. Gekombineerde data insameling het aangetoon dat woudkruitvoerders, asook voëls wat in die bosveld- en grasveld kan voorkom (~63.6% totale diversiteit), groot voëls, palaearktiese migrante en roofvoëls nie algemeen verteenwoordig word in die opnames nie, wat die potensiële tekortkominge van hierdie opnametegnieke beklemtoon. Oor die algemeen het hierdie studie nuwe insigte gelewer oor verbindinge tussen woude asook die dinamika van woude en die invloed hierop op woudafhanklike voëls in woude wat voorheen swak ondersoek is in die suidelike Maputoland-Pondoland-Albany distrikte. In die studie word daar dan aanbevelings gegee vir toekomstige veldopnames in hierdie gebiede.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Population genetics, Phylogeography -- South Africa, Forest microclimatology -- South Africa, Birds -- Environmental aspects, Conservation biology, Climatic changes -- Effect of human beings on, Anthropogenic effects on climatic changes, UCTD
Citation