The comparative functional anatomy of the forelimb in two african mole-rat species, bathyergus suillus and heterocephalus glaber.

Date
2021-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different digging and communication methods are observed in various subterranean mole-rat species. Seismic signalling in the form of hind foot-drumming is the main communication method in most solitary mole-rat species, such as the scratch-digging Bathyergus suillus. The aim of the present study was to determine if hind foot-drumming and scratch-digging influence the morphology of the fore limb muscles in a drumming, scratch-digging species, B. suillus, belonging to the family Bathyergidae and a non-drumming, chisel-tooth digging species, Heterocephalus glaber belonging to the family Heterocephalidae. Furthermore, the secondary aim was to determine if somatosensory mechanisms that may be responsible for the detection of seismic signals could be identified histologically in the foot pads and lateral aspect of the feet in both species. Four muscle architecture parameters were measured and compared in 40 formalin-fixed muscles from the right forelimb of each species (n=6). The composition of type I and II fibres as well as the glycolytic, oxidative glycolytic and oxidative fibres in 21 forelimb muscles were histochemically and immunohistochemically determined in six fresh B. suillus and six fixed H. glaber specimens. The densities of Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel cells, Ruffini corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles were determined within the footpads and the morphology of the robust hairs on the lateral aspect of the feet was described. Muscles involved in the power stroke of digging had higher muscle mass percentage, force output and shortening capacity in B. suillus compared to H. glaber. Significantly higher percentages of glycolytic fibres were observed in the scapular elevators and digital flexors of B. suillus. These results suggest that the forelimb muscles involved in digging in B. suillus provide fast and powerful motions for effective burrowing. The m. sternohyoideus had significantly more oxidative fibres in H. glaber compared to B. suillus. Furthermore, the m. sternocleidomastoideus in H. glaber had significantly higher physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and fascicle length values compared to B. suillus. Regionalisation of type I and II fibres was observed in the m. claviculo-scapularis of B. suillus and m. triceps brachii caput medialis in H. glaber. Significantly higher densities of Meissner corpuscles in the drumming B. suillus suggests that this somatosensory mechanism in their footpads may be responsible for detecting seismic signals. The hairs on the lateral aspect of the feet did not have the typical follicle-sinus complex seen in sensory hairs. However, Merkel cells within the outer root sheath and the nervous tissue surrounding the hairs in both species are indicative of functioning either as tactile perception for movement in burrows or moving loosened soil around within the burrows. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iv In conclusion, the differences in the muscle architecture and muscle fibre typing between the two species may reflect adaptations for scratch-digging and production of seismic signals in B. suillus. Additionally, the muscle architecture and fibre type compositions in the neck muscles of H. glaber may point toward faster contractions for chisel-tooth digging. However, the phylogeny of the two species may also be responsible for these differences and not just behavioural demands such as hind foot-drumming and digging methods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende grawe en kommunikasie metodes is waargeneem in verskeie ondergrondse mol-rot spesies. Die doel van die huidige studie was om vas te stel of die produksie van seismiese seine en die gebruik van voorpote om te grawe, die morfologie in die spiere van die voorste ledemaat in twee mol-rot spesies beïnvloed. Bathyergus suillus is ‘n drommende, alleenlopende mol-rot spesie, wat aan die Bathyergidae familie behoort en gebruik hoofsaaklik sy voorpote om tonnels te grawe. Hetercephalus glaber is ‘n nie-drommende, eusosiale spesie wat aan die familie Heterocephalidae behoort en gebruik sy tande om tonnels te grawe. Die sekondêre doelwit was om die meganoreseptore in die voetsole te analiseer om vas te stel of ‘n somatosensoriese meganisme verantwoordelik is vir die waarneming van seismiese seine. Daarbenewens is die laterale aspek van die voete ook ondersoek vir ‘n moontlike somatosensoriese meganisme vir die waarneming van seismiese seine. Vier spierargitektuur parameters is gemeet en vergelyk in 40 formalien-gefikseerde voorpoot spiere van elke monster (n=6). Die samestelling van tipe I en II spiervesels asook die glikolitiese, oksidatiewe glikolitiese en oksidatiewe spiervesel is histochemies en immunohistochemies bepaal in 21 spiere. Die samestelling van Paciniese korpusse, Merkelselle, Ruffini-korpusse en Meissner -korpusse in die plantêre oppervlak van die voete is histologies bepaal en die morfologie van robuuste hare op die laterale aspek van die voete is beskryf. Van die hoofspiere wat gebruik word om te grawe met die voorpote, het 'n hoër spiermassa persentasie, kragopbrengs en verkortings kapasiteit in B. suillus gehad, in vergelyking met H. glaber. Aansienlike hoër persentasies glikolitiese vesels is ook waargeneem in die skapulêre stabiliseerders en digitale fleksor spiere van B. suillus. Verder het die m. sternocleidomastoideus in H. glaber aansienlike hoër fisiologiese deursneë-oppervlakte (PCSA) en fassikellengte waardes gehad in vergelyking met B. suillus. Die opeenhoping van tipe I spiervesels in die dieper gedeeltes (regionalisation) van die spier is waargeneem in die m. claviculo-scapularis van B. suillus en m. triceps brachii caput medialis in H. glaber. Aansienlike hoër digthede van Meissner-korpusse in B. suillus dui daarop dat hierdie somatosensoriese meganisme binne hul voete verantwoordelik kan wees vir die waarneming van seismiese seine. Die hare op die laterale aspek van die voete in beide spesies het nie die tipiese follikel-sinus-kompleks gehad wat tipies in sensoriese hare gevind word nie. Merkel-selle binne die buitenste wortelskede asook die senuweeweefsel rondom die hare in beide spesies dui op 'n tasbare funksie vir óf persepsie in hulle tonnels óf om losgemaakte grond in die gate rond te beweeg. Ten slotte kan die verskille in die spierargitektuur en spierveseltipes tussen die twee spesies aanpassings weerspieël in B. suillus om met die voorpote te grawe en vir die vervaardiging van seismiese seine met hulle agterpote vir die vervaardiging van seismiese seine. Boonop kan die spierargitektuur en veseltipe samestellings in die nekspiere van H. glaber dui op vinniger kontraksies om te grawe met hulle tande. Die filogenie van die twee spesies kan egter ook verantwoordelik wees vir hierdie verskille en nie net gedragsvereistes soos agtervoet-trommel en grawemetodes nie.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
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