School-based mechanisms of learner self-efficacy, engagement value and achievement : a structural equation analysis of grade 9 mathematics performance in South Africa

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Since 2006, a revision to the basic education curriculum has made mathematics compulsory for all South African students during the Further Education and Training (FET) phase. This sewed to both rectify historical inadequacies in mathematical literacy, as well as meet demands of contemporary' economy and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (41R). Cross-time trends in the Trends in Mathematics and Sciences Study (TIMSS) have indicated substantial improvements in mathematics achievement of Grade 9 South African learners between 1995 and 2019. Nevertheless, South African students, on average, continue to lag internationally, and there exist significant gaps in mathematical proficiency across socioeconomics groups, as well as by gender (albeit to a lesser degree The empirical analysis presented in this thesis aimed to examine the complex relationship between leaner academic self-efficacy, engagement, and expectancy value, and the association of these with mathematics achievement. The Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (S-EVT) of Eccles and Wigfield (2020) contends that a learner' s motivational and competency beliefs dynamically evolve with each learning situation. Central to this evolution are the experiences and perceptions of the behaviour of key socializers, i.e., teachers and peers, and sociocultural attitudes such as gender stereotyping. The TIMSS data for South African Grade 9 learners collected in 2019 was used together with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using Maximum Likelihood Missing Value (MLMV) estimation. SEM analyses performed by school socio-economic classification and gender aimed to emphasize the role of perceptions of socializer behaviour, affective reactions, self-schemas, and task values on mathematics achievement. The findings point towards successful outcomes in mathematics to be nurtured within an emotional ecosystem where students through an instilled sense of competence and interest forge a genuine bond with the subject, leading to enhanced mathematical proficiency. However, this account is not uniform. but entwined with gender- and class-based nuances. While the social cognitive processes of both boys and girls were influenced by perceptions of teacher social support and instructive engagement (TSSE), the effect sizes estimated for boys were more pronounced. This supports existing research (e.g., Watt et al., 2019) that boys, more than girls, necessitate an augmented level of effort, interaction, and support from their educators to stimulate their interest in and utility value from mathematics. This is, perhaps, because it serves as a countervailing force against prevailing negative expectations. For girls, TSSE emerged as a significant determinant of interest in mathematics, a subject traditionally perceived as aligning with masculine attributes. This "effect" emerged predominantly through the mechanism of mathematics self-efficacy (MSE), underscoring the important role that teachers can play in fostering girls' confidence in their mathematical capabilities. In poorer school contexts, however, the MSE of both girls and boys were negatively influenced by peer relations. Finally, differential paths from MSE to mathematics achievement were found for boys and girls: For girls and particularly those in more affluent schools the total effect of MSE on performance operated predominantly through intrinsic task value, whereas for boys in less-affluent settings, it operated through utility task value. These findings suggest a deep rootedness of socioeconomic context in goal orientations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert 2006 het 'n hersiening van die basiese ondenvyskurrikulum wiskunde verpligtend gemaak vir alle Suid-Afrikaanse studente tydens die Verdere Ondervvys en Opleiding (FET) fase. Dit het gedien om historiese ontoereikendheid in wiskundige geletterdheid reg te stel, sowel as om aan die eise van die hedendaagse ekonomie en die Vierde Industriele Revolusie (41R) te voldoen. Kmistydneigings in die "Trends in Mathematics and Sciences Study" (TIMSS) het aansienlike verbeterings in wiskundeprestasie van graad 9 Suid-Afrikaanse leerders tussen 1995 en 2019 aangedui. Nietemin bly Suid-Afrikaanse studente gemiddeld steeds internasionaal agtemit, en daar bestaan beduidende gapings in wiskundige vaardigheid oor sosio-ekonomiese groepe, sowel as volgens geslag (al is dit in 'n mindere mate). Die empiriese analise wat in hierdie tesis aangebied word, het ten doel gehad om die komplekse verband tussen leerder se akademiese selfdoeltreffendheid, betrokkenheid en vervvagtingswaarde te ondersoek, en die assosiasie hiervan met wiskundeprestasie. Die "Situated Expectancy-Value Theow" (S-EVT) van Eccles en Wigfield (2020) voer aan dat 'n leerder se motiverings- en bevoegdheidsoortuigings dinamies met elke leersituasie ontwikkel. Sentraal tot hierdie evolusie is die ervarings enpersepsies van die gedrag van sleutelsosialiseerders ditwil se ondenvysers en klasmaats en sosiokulturele houdings soos geslagstereotipering. Die TIMSS-data vir Suid-Afrikaanse graad 9- leerders wat in 2019 ingesamel is, is saam met Stmcturele Vergelykingsmodellering (SEM) en Maksimum Waarskynlikheid Ontbrekende Waarde (MLMV) skatting gebmik. SEM-analise uitgevoer deur skool se sosio-ekonomiese klassifikasie en geslag was daarop gemik om die rol van persepsies van sosialiseerdergedrag, affektiewe response, selfskemas en taakwaardes op wiskundeprestasie uit te lig. Die bevindinge dui op suksesvolle uitkomste in wiskunde wat gekoester moet word binne 'n emosionele ekosisteem waar studente deur 'n ingeboude gevoel van belcvvaamheid en belangstelling 'n opregte band met die vak smee, wat lei tot verbeterde wiskundige vaardigheid. Hierdie weergawe is egter nie eenvormig nie, maar verstrengel met geslags- en klasgebaseerde nuanses. Tervvyl die sosiaal-kognitiewe prosesse van beide seuns en meisies beinvloed is deur persepsies van onderwysers sosiale ondersteuning en leersame betrokkenheid (TSSE), was die effekgroottes wat vir seuns beraam is, meer uitgesproke. Dit ondersteun bestaande navorsing (bv. Watt et al., 2019) dat seuns, meer as meisies, 'n verhoogde vlak van inspanmng, interaksie en ondersteuning van hul opvoeders noodsaak om hul belangstelling in en nutswaarde uit wiskunde te stimuleer. Dit is miskien omdat dit dien as 'n teenkrag teen heersende negatiewe vervvagtinge. Vir meisies het TSSE na vore gekom as 'n beduidende determinant van belangstelling in wiskunde, 'n vak wat tradisioneel beskou word as in ooreenstemming met manlike eienskappe. Hierdie "effek" het hoofsaaklik ontstaan deur die meganisme van wiskunde- selfdoeltreffendheid (MSE), wat die belangrike rol wat ondenvysers kan speel om meisies se vertroue in hul wiskundige vennoens te bevorder, onderstreep. In anner skoolkontekste is die MSE van beide meisies en seuns egter negatief befnvloed deur portuuwerhoudings. Laastens is verskillende paaie van MSE tot wiskundeprestasie gevind vir seuns en meisies: Vir meisies - en veral die in meer gegoede skole - het die totale effek van MSE op prestasie hoofsaaklik deur intrinsieke taakwaarde gechyf, tervvyl vir seuns in minder gegoede omgewings, dit werk deur nutstaakwaarde. Hierdie bevindinge dui op 'n diep geworteldheid van sosio-ekonomiese konteks in doelorientasies.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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