Interactions of the lignicolous fungus Coniochaeta pulveracea

Date
2015-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coniochaeta pulveracea is a microcyclic dimorphic lignicolous fungus that has mostly been isolated from the woody cauloplane. Since the majority of studies conducted on this fungus were taxonomic investigations that focused on macro- and microscopical characterization little is known about their eco-physiology. The latter include morphogenesis as a result of changing environmental conditions, as well as interactions with other fungi, such as yeasts, also occurring on the woody cauloplane. As such, the overall aim of this project was to study the role of Coniochaeta pulveracea’s physiology and morphogenesis in relation to its interactions on the woody cauloplane, including symbioses with yeasts originating from this environment. A representative of the microcyclic fungus C. pulveracea was isolated from a decaying Acacia tree and subsequently identified using morphology, as well as sequence analysis of the D1/D2 (600 – 650 bp) region of the large subunit ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid gene complex. Plate assays for extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity indicated that this C. pulveracea isolate, as well as representatives of its closest relatives including Coniochaeta boothii, Coniochaeta rhopalochaeta, and Coniochaeta subcorticalis, were able to produce cellulase and xylanase. All representatives were also able to degrade birchwood toothpicks during a 50-day incubation period at 30°C. To test the ability of these fungi and their enzymes to release simple sugars from complex cellulosic substrates, filtrates obtained from liquid cultures of Coniochaeta, cultivated on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as sole carbon source, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Consequently, the presence of mono- and disaccharides such as glucose and cellobiose was confirmed in these culture filtrates. Two subsequent experiments were conducted to determine whether these simple sugars released from woody material by filamentous growth of Coniochaeta may enhance growth of yeasts previously isolated from wood degrading fungi or decaying wood. In the first experiment, representatives of Coniochaeta were co-cultured with selected yeasts suspended in agar plates containing birchwood toothpicks, followed by examination of plates for colony formation. Results indicated that Coniochaeta growth on the toothpicks enhanced growth of nearby yeast colonies in the agar plates. In the second experiment, representatives of selected yeasts and Coniochaeta species were co-cultured on CMC and xylan containing plates where after yeast colony formation was recorded on the plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, engineered to utilize specific wood degradation products, i.e., cellobiose or xylose, as sole carbon source were used as positive controls. While it was found that cellobiose released from CMC was assimilated by the yeasts, no evidence could be obtained that xylose released from xylan was used as carbon source by the yeasts. These ambiguous results could be ascribed to secretion of nutritious metabolic end products, other than the products of fungal xylanases. Since the above-mentioned interactions were studied whilst the Coniochaeta strains were mostly in their filamentous growth stage, microcycle conidiation of C. pulveracea strains and representatives of the closely related species, C. boothii and C. subcorticalis was also studied under different environmental conditions. The strains were found to exhibit hyphal growth on solid substrates and underwent a dimorphic switch to produce microcycle conidiation upon transfer to a liquid medium which differed in physico-chemical composition compared to the original solid medium. Factors that were found to contribute to this dimorphic switch were temperature, pH and the presence of complex nitrogen sources such as casamino acids and peptone in the medium. However, C. pulveracea showed intraspecific differences with regard to its response to changes in the physico-chemical environment. The interactions of microcyclic Coniochaeta strains with selected yeasts, such as representatives of Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Cryptococcus neoformans, were also studied in complex liquid media and it was found that, depending on medium composition, the microcyclic Coniochaeta exerted different effects on the different yeasts strains. In some co-cultures a positive effect on yeast growth was observed, while in other cases microcyclic Coniochaeta inhibited yeast growth.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Coniochaeta pulveracea is ‘n mikrosikliese dimorfiese lignikoleuse fungus wat meestal vanaf houtagtige plantoppervlaktes geïsoleer word. Aangesien die meeste studies van hierdie fungus taksonomiese ondersoeke is wat fokus op makro- en mikroskopiese karakterisering, is min bekend oor hul ekofisiologie. Laasgenoemdesluit morfogenese as gevolg van veranderende omgewingstoestande in, asook interaksies met ander fungi, soos giste, wat ook op houtagtige plantoppervlaktesvoorkom. As sodanig is die algemene doel van hierdie projek dus om die rol van Coniochaeta pulveracea se fisiologie en morfogenese te bestudeer ten opsigte van sy interaksies op die plantoppervlak,insluitend simbiose met giste afkomstig uit hierdie omgewing. ‘n Verteenwoordiger van die mikrosikliese fungus, C. pulveracea,is uit ‘n verrottende Acaciaboom geïsoleer en daarna geïdentifiseer deur middel van morfologie asook sekwensie-analise van die D1/D2 (600 – 650 bp) streek van die groot subeenheid ribosomale deoksiribonukleïensuur-geenkompleks. Plaat-toetse vir ekstrasellulêre hidrolitiese ensiemaktiwiteit het aangedui dat hierdie C. pulveracea isolaat, asook verteenwoordigers van sy naasverwantes, insluitend Coniochaeta boothii, Coniochaeta rhopalochaeta, enConiochaeta subcorticalis,almal instaat is om sellulase en xilanase te produseer. Alle verteenwoordigers was ook instaatom berkehout tandestokkies tydens ‘n 50 dae lange inkubasieperiode by 30°C te degradeer. Om die vermoë van hierdie fungi en hul ensieme te toets om eenvoudige suikers uit komplekse sellulosiese substrate vry te stel, is filtrate afkomstig van vloeibare kulture van Coniochaeta,wat op karboksimetiel-sellulose (CMC) as koolstofbron gekweek is, deur middel van hoë-impak vloeistof chromatografiese analisegeanaliseer. Die teenwoordigheid van mono- en disakkariede, soos glukose en sellobiose is gevolglik in hierdie kultuurfiltrate vasgestel. Twee daaropvolgende eksperimente is uitgevoer om te bepaal of hierdie eenvoudige suikers,wat vrygestel word deur die filamentagtige groei van Coniochaetaop houtagtige materiaal, die groei van giste wat voorheen van hout-degraderende fungi of verrottende hout geïsoleer is, sal verbeter. In die eerste eksperiment is verteenwoordigers van Coniochaeta gekweeksaam met geselekteerde giste, wat gesuspendeer is in agarplate wat berkehout tandestokkies bevat, waarna dieplate vir kolonievorming ondersoek is. Resultate toon dat Coniochaeta groei op die tandestokkies die groei van nabygeleë giskolonies in die agarplate bevorder. In die tweede eksperiment is verteenwoordigers van geselekteerde giste en Coniochaeta spesies saam gekweek op CMC en xilaan-bevattende plate, waarna giskolonievorming op die plate waargeneem is. Saccharomyces cerevisiaestamme wat geneties gemodifiseer is om spesifieke houtdegraderingsprodukte, naamlik sellobiose of xilose, as enigste koolstofbron te benut, is gebruik as positiewe kontroles. Hoewel daar gevind is dat sellobiose wat deur CMC vrygestel is deur die giste geassimileer is, kon geen bewyse gevind word dat xilose wat deur xilaan vrygestel is deur die giste as koolstofbron gebruik word nie. Hierdie dubbelsinnige resultate kan toegeskryf word aan die sekresie van nutriëntryke metaboliese eindprodukte anders as die produkte van fungus xilanase. Aangesien bogenoemde interaksies bestudeer is terwyl die Coniochaeta stamme meestal in hul filamentagtige groeifase was, is mikrosikliese konidiase in C.pulveracea stamme en verteenwoordigers van die naverwante spesies,C. boothii enC. subcorticalis,ook onder verskillende omgewingstoestande bestudeer. Die stamme is gevind om hifeuse groei op soliede substrate te toon en om ‘n dimorfiese omskakeling te ondergaan om mikrosikliese konidia te vorm wanneer dit na ‘n vloeistofmedium oorgedra is waarvan die fisies-chemiese samestelling van die oorspronklike soliedemedium verskil. Faktore wat oënskynlik bydra tot hierdie dimorfiese omskakeling, is temperatuur, pH en die teenwoordigheid van komplekse stikstofbronne in die medium, soos kasaminosure en peptone. Intraspesifieke verskille is egter deur C. pulveracea getoon ten opsigte van sy respons op veranderinge in die fisies-chemiese omgewing.Die interaksies van mikrosikliese Coniochaeta stamme met geselekteerde giste, soos verteenwoordigers van Meyerozyma guilliermondii en Cryptococcus neoformans, is ook in komplekse vloeibare media bestudeer en daar is gevind dat, afhangend van die samestelling van die medium, die mikrosikliese Coniochaeta verskillende effekte op die verskillende gisstamme het. In sommige ko- kulture is ‘n positiewe uitwerking op gisgroei waargeneem, terwyl mikrosikliese Coniochaeta in ander gevalle gisgroei geïnhibeer het.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
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