Medical Virology
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Highlights from the 3rd international HIV/viral hepatitis Co-infection meeting - HIV/viral hepatitis : improving diagnosis, antiviral therapy and access
(BioMed Central, 2017-04-20)The International AIDS Society convened the 3rd International HIV/Viral Hepatitis Co-Infection Meeting on 17 July 2016 as part of the pre-conference program preceding the 21st International AIDS Conference held in Durban, ...
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HIV-1C dynamics and evolutionary trends in Botswana
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-12-09)ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Introduction: HIV incidence estimates are critical for monitoring HIV transmission dynamics, and for design and evaluation of the impact of interventions. Biomarkers and assays for cross-sectional surveillance ...
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Blood dendritic cells in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals in South Africa: Phenotype, function and immune modulation
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-12)ENGLISH ABSTRACT :HIV-1 infection detrimentally affects CD4 T lymphocytes as well as the blood plasmacytoid (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) compartment. DCs act as innate sensors and as initiators and directors ...
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Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in South Africa: epidemiology and impact of HIV-1 co-infection and immune dysregulation
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-12)ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negatively impacts the natural progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including causing rapid progression to liver fibrosis and ...
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Identifying recent HIV infections : from serological assays to genomics
(MDPI, 2015-10-23)In this paper, we review serological and molecular based methods to identify HIV infection recency. The accurate identification of recent HIV infection continues to be an important research area and has implications for ...
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History and origin of the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in South Africa and the greater southern African region
(Nature, 2015-11-17)HIV has spread at an alarming rate in South Africa, making it the country with the highest number of HIV infections. Several studies have investigated the histories of HIV-1 subtype C epidemics but none have done so in ...
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HIV-1 diversity in an antiretroviral treatment naïve cohort from Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
(BioMed Central, 2015-02)Background South Africa has a generalized and explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic with the largest number of people infected with HIV-1 in the world. Molecular investigations of HIV-1 diversity can help enhance interventions ...
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Hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-exposed infants in the Western Cape, South Africa
(Elsevier, 2015-07)Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Universal infant vaccination with the hepatitis B (HB) vaccine has been implemented within the South African Expanded Programme ...
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The HIV/HBV co-infected patient : time for proactive management
(Health and Medical Publishing Group, 2015-02)Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects around 240 million people worldwide, with the highest prevalence of disease in Africa and Asia. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cancer in men in Africa, ...
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38 years after its discovery, Ebola virus spins out of control
(South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), 2014-09)The evolutionary origin of Ebolaviruses is not very clear. The simple notion that these viruses have been circulating for many millennia in wildlife in tropical parts of Africa, occasionally spilling over into human ...
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Rooting the phylogenetic tree of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat
(American Society for Microbiology, 2014-10)The emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes lethal respiratory infections mainly on the Arabian Peninsula. The evolutionary origins of MERS-CoV are unknown. We determined the full genome ...
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Novel arenavirus isolates from Namaqua rock mice, Namibia, Southern Africa
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2015-07)Arenaviruses are feared as agents that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers. We report the identification, isolation, and genetic characterization of 2 novel arenaviruses from Namaqua rock mice in Namibia. These findings extend ...
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Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in sub-Saharan Africa : time to act
(Elsevier, 2015-07)What few people thought possible little more than a decade ago is now reality: scientific and operational advances are greatly reducing the number of deaths from HIV. The number of infant infections has decreased by 58% ...
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Fas mediated(CD95L) periferal T-cell Apotosis marker in monitoring HIV-1 disease progression in adults in Yaoundé, Cameroon
(Science Publishing Group, 2016-03-22)sFas (CD95) / FasL are hallmarks of apoptosis involvement in pathogenesis of HIV. We assess changes in soluble Fas /FasL, CD4 % and HIV-1 viral load in patients prior to the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and ...
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Evidence of co and triple infections of Hepatitis B and C amongst HIV infected pregnant women in Buea, Cameroon
(Science Publishing Group, 2016-03)Little epidermiological data is available on the prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and C, Co-and or triple infection during pregnancy in Cameroon as well as many other resource limited settings. HIV and Hepatitis B and C are ...
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Diagnostic options for investigating viral respiratory pathogens in sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) cases
(JSciMed Central, 2014)Sudden and unexpected deaths in infants have occurred for centuries. It has generally been referred to as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A new concept, called sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) was introduced ...
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T lymphocyte inhibitory/exhaustion marker expression in chronic HIV-1 infection and the impact of TB co-infection
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-03)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction Chronic HIV-1 infection is driven by inflammation and immune activation which ultimately induces T lymphocyte exhaustion. Co-infection with TB is problematic as the HIV-impaired immune system ...
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Prevalence and risks of Hepatitis E virus infection in blood donors from the Western Cape, South Africa
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-03)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis worldwide and is a locally acquired disease in both developing and developed nations. Different genotypes in these ...
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Investigating the fitness benefit of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation A62V when co-occurring with M184V and K65R in HIV-1 subtype C
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2016-03)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background and Aims Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine (3TC) or emtricitabine (FTC) combined with efavirenz is the predominant first-line antiretroviral regimen in the Southern African ...
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Detection of transmission clusters of HIV-1 subtype C over a 21-year period in Cape Town, South Africa
(PLoS, 2014-10-30)Introduction: Despite recent breakthroughs in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic within South Africa, the transmission of the virus continues at alarmingly high rates. It is possible, with the use of phylogenetic ...
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Molecular characterization of HIV-1 subtype C gp-120 regions potentially involved in virus adaptive mechanisms
(PLoS, 2014-04-30)The role of variable regions of HIV-1 gp120 in immune escape of HIV has been investigated. However, there is scant information on how conserved gp120 regions contribute to virus escaping. Here we have studied how molecular ...
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B lymphocyte activation and exhaustion in chronic HIV : novel surrogate markers of generalised immune activation and selective modulation of aberrant B cell responses using vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015-04)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Chronic HIV-1 infection is characterized by immune activation and dysregulation of immune homeostasis, which impacts on multiple immune cell types. The B-cell compartment, which plays an ...
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Loop mediated isothermal amplification to detect respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory specimens
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015-02-12)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Early diagnosis of RSV infection is associated with ...
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A study of the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection in the infants of HIV-positive mothers participating in P1041 in South Africa
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-12)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the decreased rate of HBV horizontal transmission in South Africa (SA) due to the HB vaccine, the risk of perinatal transmission remains of concern, especially in HIV/HBV co-infected women. Loss ...
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Monocytes in chronic HIV-1 infection : changes in phenotypic marker expression and their relationship with immune activation
(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014-12)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV-infection is characterized by depletion of CD4+ T-cells from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) which causes irreparable gastrointestinal tract damage and subsequent microbial translocation of ...
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A qualitative PCR minipool strategy to screen for virologic failure and antiretroviral drug resistance in South African patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy
(Elsevier, 2014-08)ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The high cost of commercial HIV-1 viral load tests for monitoring of patients on antiretroviral treatment limits their use in resource-constrained settings. Commercial genotypic antiretroviral ...
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Pooled HIV-1 Viral Load Testing Using Dried Blood Spots to Reduce the Cost of Monitoring Antiretroviral Treatment in a Resource-Limited Setting
(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Open Access, 2013-10)Rollout of routine HIV-1 viral load monitoring is hampered by high costs and logistical difficulties associated with sample collection and transport. New strategies are needed to overcome these constraints. Dried blood ...
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HIV-1 Subtypes B and C Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs) and transmitted drug resistance identified in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
(Public Library of Science, 2014-03)South Africa has the largest worldwide HIV/AIDS population with 5.6 million people infected and at least 2 million people on antiretroviral therapy. The majority of these infections are caused by HIV-1 subtype C. Using ...
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Close Relative of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bat, South Africa
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013-10)We now report the identification of a South Africa bat derived CoV that has an even closer phylogenetic relationship with MERS-CoV.
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The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women in the Western Cape, South Africa
(Elsevier, 2013-11)OBJECTIVES: Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The HIV epidemic has the potential to affect its biology. Immunisation protocols established in ...
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