Cold Treatment of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Oranges using a Larval Endpoint
Date
2011
Authors
Grout T.G.
Stephen P.R.
Daneel J.H.
Hattingh V.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
South Africa currently exports fresh citrus (Citrus spp.) fruit to Japan using an in-transit cold treatment protocol of 14 d or 12 d at temperatures <0°C for treatment of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in 'Clementine' mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and other citrus types, respectively. To reduce the risk of chilling injury with this treatment, research was conducted with temperatures >0°C. Earlier South African research had shown that young (6-d-old) larvae were slightly more tolerant of cold treatment and that there were no significant differences between cold tolerance of these larvae in different citrus types [oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; grapefruits, Citrus paradisi Macfad.; lemons, Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f; and mandarins). Due to their ready availability, 'Valencia' oranges were used in this study. When 62,492 larvae in total were treated in three replicates at a mean temperature of 1.5°C for 16 d, there were three larval survivors. The trial was therefore repeated with oranges using a 16-d period at a mean temperature of 1.0°C and a mean of 1.4°C for the hourly maximum probe readings. Three replicates were again conducted and the resultant mean mortality in the control was 8.1% of 21,801 larvae, whereas the cold treatment mortality was 100% of 71,756 larvae. This treatment at a mean temperature of 1°C exceeded the Japanese confidence level requirement and also exceeded the Probit-9 mortality level, but not at a confidence level of 95%. These data support the establishment of a treatment protocol of 16 d at temperatures <1.4°C, commencing once all fruit pulp probes reach a temperature of 1°C or lower. © 2011 Entomological Society of America.
Description
Keywords
Ceratitis capitata, cold disinfestation, commodity treatment, phytosanitary regulation, quarantine
Citation
Journal of Economic Entomology
104
4
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051770699&partnerID=40&md5=44b8e1dd1332eb8af5bc6cd60a676967
104
4
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051770699&partnerID=40&md5=44b8e1dd1332eb8af5bc6cd60a676967