Senior high school students’ perceptions of and recommendations for mental health support in Ghanaian schools

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: School-based mental health programmes (SBMHP) have been recommended to address the unmet mental health needs of children and adolescents and to minimise the problem of poor utilisation of mental health services by this group. In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), where the treatment gap for child and adolescent mental disorders is almost 90% only a few countries have SBMHPs operating in schools. In Ghana, no such programme exists in the schools except for services provided by school nurses in the infirmaries of senior high schools, which are expected to include counselling services. However, these services have not been evaluated from the user’s perspective. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions (experience, acceptability and barriers) of adolescents in senior high schools (SHS) about the existing school-based mental health support and their recommendations for an SBMHP. Twenty-two adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 years from 12 different SHS were individually interviewed virtually. Data were analysed with NVivo 12 and the themes generated were based on the aims of the study. Results from the analysis revealed that although most of the participants’ schools have a school nurse, not every student perceived that the school nurse’s role included providing mental health support. Despite some of the participants being aware of the nurse’s mental health support role and in some schools, the presence of a school counsellor, the majority had not accessed support from them despite having experienced mental health distress previously. While some participants accessed formal support, others sought informal assistance or relied on themselves to deal with their distress. However, participants were accepting of mental health support from both the counsellor and nurse, expressing the usefulness and helpfulness of these services. Barriers to accessing formal support included physical and emotional unavailability of providers and discomfort in accessing services. Finally, participants recommended that an SBMHP should have a combination of universal and individualised prevention strategies, including strategies for identifying adolescents who may need help without waiting for them to seek help. Also, there should be varied characteristics of providers or counsellors with attitudes of friendliness, warmth and the ability to ensure confidentiality. Lastly, participants recommended that school health or mental health clubs would also help students deal with mental distress to get help when needed. A review of the mental health service in Ghana’s SHS may be necessary and incorporating the recommendations from adolescent service users could improve mental health service to this population and hence foster early detection and intervention.
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Skoolgebaseerde geestesgesondheidsprogramme (SBMHP) is aanbeveel om die onvervulde geestesgesondheidsbehoeftes van kinders en adolessente aan te spreek en om die probleem van swak benutting van geestesgesondheidsdienste deur hierdie groep te verminder. Onder lae- en middelinkomstelande waar die behandelingsgaping vir geestesversteurings by kinders en adolessente byna 90% is, is daar slegs 'n paar lande waar Skoolgebaseerde geestesgesondheidsprogramme in skole bestuur word. Geen sodanige program bestaan in skole in Ghana nie, behalwe vir dienste wat deur skoolverpleegsters in die siekeboeg van senior hoërskole verskaf word en na verwagting beradingsdienste sal insluit. Hierdie dienste is egter nie vanuit die gebruiker se perspektief geëvalueer nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die persepsies (ervaring, aanvaarbaarheid en hindernisse) van adolessente in senior hoërskole ten opsigte van die bestaande skoolgebaseerde geestesgesondheidsondersteuning en hul aanbevelings vir 'n skoolgebaseerde geestesgesondheidsprogram te verken. Twee-en-twintig adolessente tussen die ouderdomme van 14 en 19 jaar vanaf 12 verskillende senior hoërskole is individueel en virtueel ondervra. Data is deur middel van NVivo 12 ontleed en die temas wat gegenereer is, is gebaseer op die doelwitte van die studie. Alhoewel die meeste van hierdie deelnemers se skole 'n skoolverpleegster het, het die resultate van die analise aan die lig gebring dat nie elke student daarvan bewus was dat die skoolverpleegkundige se rol die verskaffing van geestesgesondheidsondersteuning insluit. Alhoewel sommige van die deelnemers bewus was van die verpleegster se geestesgesondheidsondersteuningsrol en, in sommige skole, van die teenwoordigheid van 'n skoolberader, het die meerderheid nie toegang tot hulle gekry nie, ten spyte daarvan dat hulle voorheen geestesgesondheidsnood ervaar het. Terwyl sommige deelnemers toegang tot formele ondersteuning verkry het, het ander informele bystand bekom, of op hulself staatgemaak om hul nood te hanteer Deelnemers was egter bereid om geestesgesondheidsondersteuning van beide die berader en verpleegkundige te aanvaar, wat die nut en behulpsaamheid van hierdie dienste aangedui. het. Hindernisse wat toegang tot formele ondersteuning belemmer het, omvat die fisiese en emosionele onbeskikbaarheid van verskaffers en ongemaklikheid met toegang tot dienste. Ten slotte het deelnemers aanbeveel dat ‘n skoolgebaseerde geestesgesondheidsprogram 'n kombinasie van universele en geïndividualiseerde voorkomingstrategieë moet insluit, met strategieë om adolessente wat dalk hulp nodig het te identifiseer sonder om te wag tot hulle hulp soek. Houdings van verskaffers of beraders moet ook verskillende eienskappe openbaar, soos vriendelikheid, warmte en die vermoë om vertroulikheid te verseker. Laastens het deelnemers aanbeveel dat skoolgesondheids- of geestesgesondheidsklubs ook studente sal help om geestelike nood te hanteer en om hulp te kry wanneer dit nodig is. Hersiening van die geestesgesondheidsdiens in Ghana se senior hoërskole kan nodig wees en die insluiting van die aanbevelings van adolessente diensgebruikers kan geestesgesondheidsdiens aan hierdie bevolking verbeter en dus vroeë opsporing en intervensie bevorder.
Description
Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
School mental health services -- Ghana, Ghana -- Social conditions -- Ghana, High school counselors -- Ghana, Youth -- Psychological aspects -- Ghana, UCTD
Citation