Evoked nostalgia, personal continuity and behavioural outcomes: a study of Generation X and Y consumers in a South African context

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Evoked nostalgia and nostalgic marketing appeals have been found to have significant and lasting effects on consumer behaviour and, more specifically, consumer decision-making and consumer-brand relationships. However, the phenomenon of evoked nostalgia and research on the relationship thereof with important behavioural outcomes for brands, such as brand loyalty, purchase intention and active consumer engagement in a South African context are limited. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between evoked nostalgia and these behavioural outcomes, as well as sensory and affective brand experiences as potential antecedents of these relationships in the context of the Disney brand and its Disney+ brand extension. Brand attitude and personal continuity as potential mediators of these relationships were also investigated. A theoretical model was constructed, drawing on the theories of planned behaviour, reasoned action and self-identity to address the primary objective of the study. A literature study on the theoretical model constructs was conducted, which resulted in the development of a nostalgic brand evaluation instrument with ten indicators. Disney, and its Disney+ brand extension, were identified as the appropriate choice of brand for the empirical work as another result of the literature study. A self-administered online questionnaire on the Qualtrics platform was used in surveying South African Generation X and Y consumers. Descriptive and inferential analyses by way of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and multi-group analysis were conducted on the realised sample of 264 respondents. Statistically significant positive relationships between evoked nostalgia and its potential antecedents, namely sensory and affective brand experience, respectively, for both the Generation X and Y samples were confirmed. Further empirical results that were confirmed include statistically significant positive relationships between evoked nostalgia and the two mediating variables in the research model, that is, brand attitude and personal continuity, for both generational samples. Moreover, statistically significant positive relationships for both samples were confirmed between brand attitude and brand loyalty, brand loyalty and purchase intention, purchase intention and active consumer engagement, as well as between brand loyalty and active consumer engagement. Nostalgic marketing strategies characterised by sensory and affective appeals are recommended for both generational audiences. It is suggested that marketers prioritise the development of such strategies in the context of memorable and annual events in South Africa, such as holidays with family, for example Christmas, that could also contribute to an increased sense of personal continuity, especially for Generation X consumers. The use of music and visual elements in nostalgic marketing strategies to build loyalty towards Disney+, for Generation Y consumers specifically, is also recommended. Differences in the sizes of the study’s samples, as well as the lack of taking respondents’ cultural and societal background differences into account contributed to the study’s limitations. Future research opportunities could include the replication of the research in the context of a utilitarian product category compared to a hedonic product category. Moreover, the research could be comparatively replicated amongst South African consumer groups representing different cultural and societal backgrounds.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Vorige navorsing het bevind dat nostalgie en nostalgiese bemarkingsbenaderings beduidende en standhoudende invloede op verbruikersgedrag en, meer spesifiek, verbruikers se besluitneming en verbruiker-handelsmerk verhoudings uitoefen. Die verskynsel van nostalgie en navorsing oor die verhouding daarvan met belangrike gedragsuitkomste vir handelsmerke, soos handelsmerklojaliteit, aankoopsintensie en aktiewe verbruikersbetrokkenheid in ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, is egter beperk. Dié studie ondersoek die verhouding tussen nostalgie en hierdie gedragsuitkomste in die konteks van die Disney en Disney+ handelsmerke, asook sensoriese en affektiewe handelsmerkervaring as veranderlikes wat potensieel die verhoudings kan beïnvloed. Die verbruiker se houding teenoor die handelsmerk en persoonlike kontinuïteit is ook as potensiële bemiddelende veranderlikes ondersoek. ‘n Teoretiese model, gebaseer op die teorieë van beplande gedrag, beredeneerde aksie en self-identiteit, is ontwikkel om die primêre doelstelling van die studie aan te spreek. ‘n Self-geadministreerde aanlynvraelys op die Qualtrics platform is gebruik om die data van Suid-Afrikaanse Generasie X en Y verbruikers in te samel. Die beskrywende en inferensiële analises is uitgevoer op twee steekproewe van gesamentlik 264 respondente met behulp van Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) en multi-groep analise. Statisties beduidende positiewe verhoudings tussen nostalgie en beide sensoriese en affektiewe handelsmerkervaring is onderskeidelik bevestig vir albei steekproewe (Generasie X en Y). Verdere empiriese resultate wat bevestig is, sluit in statisties beduidende positiewe verhoudings tussen nostalgie en houding teenoor die handelsmerk, asook nostalgie en persoonlike kontinuïteit vir beide die Generasie X en Y steekproewe. Statisties beduidende positiewe verhoudings is boonop vir beide steekproewe bevestig tussen houding teenoor die handelsmerk en handelsmerklojaliteit, handelsmerklojaliteit en aankoopsintensie, aankoopsintensie en aktiewe verbruikersbetrokkendheid, asook tussen handelsmerklojaliteit en aktiewe verbruikersbetrokkendheid. Nostalgiese bemarkingstrategieë, gekenmerk deur sensoriese en affektiewe benaderings, is aanbeveel vir beide Generasie X en Y teikenmarkte in Suid-Afrika. Voorstelle sluit in dat bemarkers die ontwikkeling van sodanige strategieë prioritiseer in die konteks van geleenthede wat in Suid-Afrika gevier word, soos vakansies met familie, byvoorbeeld oor Kerstyd, wat ook kan bydra tot ‘n verhoogde gevoel van persoonlike kontinuïteit, veral vir Generasie X verbruikers. Die gebruik van musiek en visuele elemente in nostalgiese bemarkingstrategieë om spesifiek Generasie Y vebruikers se handelsmerklojaliteit teenoor Disney+ te vestig, is ook aanbeveel. Verskille in die grootte van die studie se steekproewe, asook respondente se kulturele- en samelewingsagtergronde wat nie in ag geneem is in die empiriese analise nie, dra by tot die studie se beperkings. Voorstelle vir toekomstige navorsingsgeleenthede sluit in om die navorsing te herhaal in die konteks van ‘n utilitaristiese produkkategorie in vergelyking met ‘n hedonistiese produkkategorie. Die navorsing kan boonop herhaal en vergelyk word tussen Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikersgroepe wat verskillende kulturele- en samelewingsagtergronde verteenwoordig.
Description
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Evoked nostalgia, Nostalgia in marketing -- South Africa, Nostalgia in mass media -- South Africa, Consumers -- Attitudes -- South Africa, Brand choice -- South Africa, Generation X -- South Africa, Generation Y -- South Africa, Disney Enterprises (1996- ) -- South Africa -- Use studies, UCTD
Citation