Homosocial Capital and the substantive representation of women in the South African Parliament

Date
2021-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the 1970s, the number of women employed within political institutions has risen dramatically. The fast-track approach of developing nations has meant that, in one election cycle, political institutions in some countries have reached a critical mass of women. Advocates of critical mass claim that once women make up 30 per cent of an organisation, they have the necessary numbers in order to play a role ininfluencing the outcomes of the institution. These advocates argue that, in such a case, the descriptive representation of women can lead to substantive gains. However, this argument does not hold true for theParliament of South Africa. Despite the fact that the parliament consists of 46 per cent women, nearing gender parity in the 2019 election, the substantive representation of women and their interests remain limited.The current study has investigated the role that homosocial capital (the social capital existing between members of the same gender) plays in the ability of parliamentarians to represent the interests of women in the Parliament of South Africa. Although the majority of networks consist of both men and women, homosocial capital networks do exist. Men’s networks appear across the institution at a leadership level, where power is concentrated. However, although women’s homosocial capital networks are broad enough to circumvent men’s networks, they lack the same power and are compromised by partisan identities. Men’s homosocial capital networks influence the substantive representation of women by establishing a masculine culture within the institution. This culture values portfolios that are traditionally dominated by men. On the other hand, portfolios that are seen to be soft politics are considered to be the political backwater of the institution. Although parliamentarians have the support and resources to represent women and their interests, overall, members of parliament (MPs) lack the interest and motivation to do so. Furthermore, women parliamentarians, in this study, have found the institution of parliament to be a difficult arena, where their gender has not been to their benefit. Without the political will and focus from leaders and representatives, the substantive representation of women’s interests remains lacking, despite the significant number of women employed within the institution. In order for women’s interests to be addressed adequately, it is necessary for emphasis and value to be placed on what is considered to be ‘soft politics’. A shift in the culture of the institution is needed, and power needs to be redistributed in order to counteract and transform the current circumstances in parliament. Without this shift and Increased value being placed on women’s interests, it remains unlikely that the parliament will be able to bring about the change that is needed in order to overcome gender inequality in South African society.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die 1970’s het die aantal vrouens in politieke instellings noemenswaardig vermeerder. Die benadering van ontwikkelende lande om vroue op ‘n snel trajek te plaas in hul ontwikkeling het daartoe gelei dat ‘n kritiese massa van vroue binne een verkiesingsiklus in die politiek van sekere lande bereik is. Voorstaanders van die kritiese massa teorie beweer dat 30 persent vroue verteenwoordiging gesien kan word as die punt waar hulle genoegsame invloed kan uitoefen op die uitkomste van die organisasie. Die verhoogde verteenwoordigingssyfer (beskrywende verteenwoordiging) behoort tot substantiewe verteenwoordiging te lei. Hierdie argument hou nie water in die Suid Afrikaanse parlement nie. Nieteenstaande die feit dat 46 persent van die parlement uit vroue bestaan, en dat daar bykans geslagspariteit bereik is in die 2019 verkiesing, bly substantiewe verteenwoordiging van belange steeds beperk. Hierdie studie ondersoek die rol wat homososiale kapitaal(die sosiale kapitaal wat bestaan tussen lede van dieselfde geslag) speel in die vermoëns van parlementslede om vroue se belange effektief te verteenwoordig in die Suid Afrikaanse parlement. Alhoewel die meerderheid netwerke uit beide geslagte bestaan, is daar wel homososiale netwerke. Mans se netwerke kom reg deur die organisasie op leiersvlak waar mag gesetel is voor. Alhoewel vroue se homososiale netwerke wyd genoeg is om die manlike netwerke te omseil dra hulle netwerke nie dieselfde gewig nie en word dit deur party politiek verswak. Mans se homososiale netwerke bevorder manlike kultuur in die organisasie. Hierdie kultuur heg waarde aan portefeuljes wat tradisioneel gedomineer word deur mans. Daar word veel minder aandag aan portefeuljes wat as minder belangrik of as vroue belange ervaar word geskenk. Alhoewel parlementslede oor die hulpbronne en ondersteuning beskik om vroue en hul belange te verteenwoordig, is daar ‘n gebrek aan belangstelling en motivering om dit te doen. Vroue parlementslede ondervind dat hulle geslag nie tot hulle voordeel in die instelling is nie. Sonder politieke wil en fokus van leiers en verteenwoordigers ontbreek die substantiewe verteenwoordiging van vrouebelange, ten spyte van die aansienlike aantal vroue binne die organisasie. Indien vroue belange voldoende aangespreek gaan word, moet klem en waarde geplaas word op sogenaamde sagte politiek. Om die huidige omstandighede in die parlement te verander moet daar ‘n verandering in die kultuur en ‘n herverdeling van mag plaasvind. Sonder ‘n klemverskuiwing in die kultuur en die verhoging van die waarde wat geplaas word op vrouebelange, bly dit onwaarskynlik dat die parlement die nodige verandering te weeg kan bring om geslagsongelyktheid in die Suid Afrikaanse samlewing te bewerkstellig.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Women -- Representative government and representation -- South Africa, Women -- Political representation -- South Africa, Feminism, Interpersonal relations -- Gender, Women -- Sex role -- Social aspects, Gender identity, Gender discrimination, UCTD
Citation