Estimating the cost of mitigating coal labour losses in SA’s energy transition

Date
2020-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Can normative just transition concepts and frameworks contribute to the mitigation of labour losses during South Africa’s energy transition? This thesis explores conceptual and methodological frameworks as well as context-based approaches to a just transition in the interest of coal workers’ livelihoods. Rather than assuming that just transition strategies from the global north, are automatically applicable in South Africa, these approaches are applied to the local context. The study recognises data gaps, South Africa’s current energy crises and the window of opportunity provided by the current political discourse which acknowledges the need for a just transition in South Africa. In regard to data gaps, it is clear that reliable labour data is needed to calculate the cost of a just transition and inform labour risk mitigation strategies, thus providing a more rational basis for a managed just transition. In exploring just transition approaches, this study combines an analysis of global just transition strategies through a literature review, the application of a framework to calculate the cost of a just transition, and qualitative, context-based observations of communities in Emalahleni. The research reveals that sequenced policies that include regional and sectoral development are the most effective way to prevent job losses and also revealed approaches concerning degrees of social protection. It finds that early retirement and attrition programmes are effective ways to ease transitions as they are successful in reducing unemployment. A cost-scoping approach highlighted the impact of varying contraction rates and corresponding risks for unmanaged transitions. A quantitative cost analysis indicated ‘blind spots’, such as securing pension guarantees, compensation costs for reduced salaries and relocation costs, that have not commonly featured in the mainstream just transition literature. Qualitative observations in Emalahleni revealed the communities’ desire for ‘clean’ and safe jobs; the divisive impact that the coal workers’ demand for jobs has on community culture, as well as their collective desire to be involved in the rehabilitation of mining areas. The observations show how social structures are emerging and self-organising, with a specific focus on locally-owned energy systems. Interviews with regional energy experts confirmed that regional and sectoral development plans can flourish, and that existing coal workers can be successfully retrained and reskilled as well as the responsibility to extend a just transition to future generations. The interviewee stressed the need for innovative, integrated education systems that address the challenges of existing school systems. The combination of theoretical frameworks, global practice and context-based approaches, connect innovative, local opportunities to the unlimited potential of the broader community in the Nkangala and Gert Sibande municipal districts. While social infrastructure is emerging in this community, further strengthening of these structures and collaborative and inclusive processes will enable the creation of a suitable theory of change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Kan normatiewe regskonsepte en raamwerke moontlik bydra tot die versagting van arbeidsverliese tydens SA se energie oorgang? Hierdie tesis ondersoek konseptuele en metodologiese raamwerke en konteks-gebaseerde benaderings tot 'n regverdige oorgang in die belang van die lewensbestaan van steenkoolwerkers. Hierdie beskermings maatreëls word in 'n plaaslike konteks toegepas, eerder as om aan te neem dat strategieë van die globale noorde, outomaties van toepassing is. Die studie erken navorsings tekortkominge, SA se huidige energie-krises en moontlike politieke wil om 'n regverdige oorgang te bevorder en behoop om oorgangsplanne in te lig met navorsingsinsigte. Betroubare arbeidsinligting wat vaardighede insluit, word benodig om die koste van 'n regverdige oorgang te bereken. Navorsing is noodsaaklik om arbeidsrisiko en versagtingsstrategieë in te lig, en verskaf ‘n meer rasionele basis vir die bestuur van die energieoorgangs. Hierdie tesis kombineer internasionale regverdige oorgangsstrategieë, die toepassing van 'n raamwerk om die koste van 'n regverdige oorgang en konteks-gebaseerde benadering te bereken en waarnemings van gemeenskappe in Emalahleni om hulle ervaringe te verken. Die navorsing het gevind dat opeenvolgende beleide, wat plaaslike en sektorale ontwikkeling insluit, is die mees doeltreffende manier om werkverliese te verhoed en het ook grade van sosiale beskerming aan die lig gebring. Tweedens, het dit gevind dat vroeë aftrede en beperkte uitvloei programme bewys-effektiewe maniere is om gladde oorgange te verseker en het aanvaarbare resultate in die vermindering van werkloosheid getoon. Die bepaling van kostes, het die impak van verskillende inkrimpingskoerste en ooreenstemmende risikos vir onbeheerde oorgange beklemtoon. Verder het dit blinde kolle verlig wat nie gewoonlik in oorgangs-literatuur verskyn nie soos pensioen waarborge, die beveiliging van vergoedingskoste vir verminderde salarisse en hervestigingskoste. Kwalitatiewe gemeenskapswaarnemings in Emalahleni weerspieël 'n begeerte vir besoedelings-vry en veilige werk, die verdelende effek op werkers se gemeenskap, ’n uitwerking van werksgeleenthede op gemeenskapskultuur en ‘n visie om betrokke te wees in die rehabilitasie van myngebiede. Die waarnemings gee insae tot opkomende sosiale strukture wat besig is om te self-organiseer met ‘n verlange vir plaaslik besit van energie infrastruktuur. Verdere onderhoude met plaaslike energie kundiges het bevestig dat plaaslike en sektorale ontwikkelingsplanne noodsaaklik is, die opleibaarheid en vaardigheidsvlakke van steenkoolwerkers sowel as die verantwoordelikheid om 'n regverdige oorgang na toekomstige geslagte te verleng asook die behoefte aan innoverende, onderwys stelsels wat tegniese en hoër onderwys integreer en die fondamente uitdagings van bestaande skoolstelsels aanspreek. Die kombinasie van teoretiese raamwerke, internasionale praktyk en konteks-gebaseerde benaderings verbind innoverende, plaaslike geleenthede aan die onbeperkte potensiaal van 'n wyer gemeenskap in die Nkangala en Gert Sibande munisipaale gebiede. Terwyl sosiale infrastruktuur opkomend is in hierdie gemeenskap, sal verdere versterking van hierdie strukture, samewerking en inklusiewe prosesse van die ontwerp 'n geskikte teorie van verandering in staat stel.
Description
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Environmental economics -- South Africa, Coal miners -- Job security -- South Africa, Energy development -- South Africa, Energy security -- Law and legislation -- South Africa, Sustainability -- South Africa, Community development -- South Africa, UCTD
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