Pyrolysis of waste plastics into chemicals as an alternative to landfilling or incineration

Date
2018-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: World population growth has brought about high production and consumption trends on the petroleum resources. One aspect contributing to this trend is plastic manufacture accounting for considerable petroleum resource consumption. Plastic production is increasing because of its versatile usage in many industries culminating into significant waste plastics generation. Plastic waste management is a large financial burden to local authorities aside from littering communities, blocking sewerage systems and drainages among other negative impacts on the environment and public health. Plastic waste recycling into chemicals through pyrolysis technology is a promising alternative to incineration or landfilling in providing an environmentally sustainable route to plastic waste management. This method can supplement the already established mechanical recycling of plastics in South Africa in diverting significant plastic wastes from landfill and achieve an industrial initiative of zero waste to landfill by 2030. The aim of this study was to determine the major plastic components in South Africa’s plastic stream and to establish if valuable chemicals can be recovered from polystyrene as well as polyethylene terephthalate through pyrolysis. Literature survey of the South African plastic stream revealed that there are six main plastics contained in the stream namely: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Before pyrolysis could be performed, physical and thermal characterisation was done to determine the suitability of the plastics to thermal conversion. It was established that the waste samples isolated from a commingled sample were pure enough and possessed significant volatile matter required for conversion to chemicals. In the order of increasing thermal stability PS, PET, PP, LDPE and HDPE plastics were all found to degrade in a single step over about 130 °C temperature change, before completion around 500 °C for heating rates between 10 – 20 °C/min. PVC plastic could not be considered for the study because of its corrosiveness and low content in the landfill stream at Kraaifontein waste management facility. Optimisation of slow and vacuum pyrolysis work conducted on PS and PET revealed that valuable styrene and terephthalic as well as benzoic acids could be recovered from the plastics respectively and quantified. It was concluded that slow pyrolysis was a better technology of converting PS to styrene as it gave about 41 wt% styrene yield at slightly over 58 wt% concentration against 36 wt% produced in vacuum pyrolysis at 56 wt% concentration. Both slow and vacuum pyrolysis of PET gave similar TPA and BA yield range of 4 – 5 wt% and 5 – 8 wt% respectively. The concentration of TPA was better in vacuum process, while BA concentration was significantly improved in slow pyrolysis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wêreld-populasie-groei het hoë tendense verroorsaak in die produksie en verbruiking van petroleum-hulpbronne. Een van die aspekte wat bydra tot die tendens is plastiekvervaardiging wat verantwoordelik is vir aanmerklike verbruiking van petroleum. Plastiek is ‘n veelsydige materiaal wat in verskeie nywerhede gebruik word en daarom is die produksie daarvan aan die toeneem wat gevolglik lei tot aanmerklike voortbrenging van plastiekafval. Die bestuur van plastiekafval is ‘n groot finansiële las op plaaslike owerhede en het negatiewe impakte op die omgewing en publieke gesondheid, onder andere rommelstrooing in gemeensakappe en die verstopping en dreinering van rioolsisteme. Die herwinning van plastiekafval om chemikalieë te maak deur pirolisetegnologie bied ‘n omgewingsvolhoubare roete vir die bestuur van plastiekafval en is daarom ‘n belowende alternatief tot verbranding of terreinstorting. Die metode kan die bestaande meganiese herwinning van plastiek in Suid-Afrika aanvul deur die afleiding van ‘n aanmerklike hoeveelheid plastiekafval vanaf stortingsterrein om sodoende ‘n nywerheidsinisiatief van geen afval na stortingsterrein teen 2030 te behaal. Die doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal wat die hoof plastiek komponente in Suid-Afrika se plastiekstroom is en om vas te stel of waardevolle chemikalieë kan herwin word vanuit die pirolise van polistireen en poli-etileen-tereftelaat. Literatuurstudie van Suid-Afrika se plastiekstroom onthul dat daar ses hoof plastieksoorte in die stroom is, naamlik: hoë-digtheid-poli-etileen (HDPE), lae-digtheid-poli-etileen (LDPE), polipropileen (PP), polistireen (PS), polivinielchloried (PVC) en poli-etileen-tereftelaat (PET). Voor pirolise kon uitgevoer word, was fisiese en termiese karakterisering van die plastieke gedoen om te bepaal of die plastiek geskik is vir termiese-omskakeling. Dit was vasgestel dat die afval-monsters verkry vanaf ‘n gemengde monster suiwer genoeg en aanmerklike vlugtige materie besit het wat nodig is vir die omskakeling na chemikalieë. In die orde van toenemende termiese stabiliteit is dit PS, PET, PP, LDPE, en HDPE. Dit was bevind dat die plastieke in ‘n enkele stap afbreek oor ‘n temperatuurverandering van ongeveer 130℃, voor voltooing by ongeveer 500℃ vir verhittingstempo’s tussen 10 en 20 ℃/min. PVC-plastiek kon nie oorweeg word vir die studie nie as gevolg van die plastiek se bytende aard en die lae inhoud van die plastiek in die stortingsterreinstroom by die afval-bestuur-fasiliteit in Kraaifontein. Optimiseringstudie van stadige-en vakuum-pirolise van PS en PET het onthul dat waardevolle stireen en tereftelaat asook bensoë-sure herwin kon word van die onderskeie plastieke. Die gevolgtrekking was gemaak dat stadige-pirolise ‘n beter tegnologie is om PS na stireen om te skakel omdat dit 41 wt% stireen opbrengs by bietjie hoër as 58 wt% konsentrasie gegee het. Dis in teenstelling met vakuum-pirolise wat 36 wt% geproduseer het met 56 wt% konsentrasie. Albei stadige- en vakuum-pirolise het soortgelyke TPA en BA gegee met opbrengs in die omgewing van 4 - 5wt% en 5 - 8 wt% onderskeidelik. Die konsentrasie van TPA was meer in vakuum-pirolise, terwyl BA konsentrasie aanmerklik verbeter was in stadige-pirolise.
Description
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2018.
Keywords
Pyrolysis, UCTD, Plastic scrap -- Recycling, Plastic -- Environmental aspects, Plastics industry and trade -- Waste minimization
Citation