Manifestations of ‘langarm’: from colonial roots to contemporary practies.

Date
2017-03
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Use of the term ‘Langarm’ by various cultural groups in South Africa has tended to problematize the meaning of the term and therefore precipitated research into the term’s relation to Ballroom dancing amongst the so-called Coloured community of the Cape, who it appears, have claimed this moniker as their own. This research has revealed a strong tradition of high quality Ballroom dancing to which the Afrikaans speaking sector of this community attached the moniker ‘Langarm’ at an unknown point in time, but certainly for the greater part of the twentieth century. Research uncovered music and dance with deep colonial roots heavily influenced by the practice of slavery and an emerging creole culture in a thoroughly slave based society. Central to this history was the musicianship of the slaves and the lasting influence these musicians had on the Contredanse, the Quadrille and other Square Dances which it appears were introduced to the Cape by the French in the late 1700s and re-introduced by the British in the early 1800s and which remained integral to ‘Langarm’ practice in Cape Town until the late 1960s. Quadrille music was, by its nature, instrumental music which spawned this particular creole history of instrumental dance music at the Cape, not only amongst the creole or so-called Coloured community but also amongst the colonialist Cape-Dutch or latterly Afrikaner community whose dance music become known as boeremusiek. So-called Coloured or Cape Malay Quadrille Band String Orchestras were, it appears, active for dances from the 1850s into the early 1900s. The American ‘dance craze’ of the early 1900s and its new African American inspired dances as well as the proliferation of African American dance bands and their music which would become known as ‘jazz’, profoundly influenced the instrumental formation and repertoire of these saxophone driven bands at the Cape, throughout the twentieth century. From 1930s, the introduction of the saxophone as the lead instrument for this style of Quadrille music became almost emblematic with ‘Langarm’ music in the so-called Coloured community for the remainder of the century until the present. The creole or so-called Coloured invention of the vastrap or ghoema rhythm, speculatively developed from the up-tempo reels of the Quadrille or Square Dances as played by the Cape Malay Quadrille Bands of the early nineteenth century especially at the Cape Malay sea-side picnics, where moppies were also likely to have been sung to these rhythms, was to become central to both the vastrap rhythm of ‘Langarm’ Square Dances and the ghoema rhythms of the up-tempo marches of the Klopse and Nagtroepe of the ‘Coon Carnival’ of the twentieth century. This vastrap-ghoema rhythm-complex quite possibly fused Iberian and Islamic rhythmic roots injected with Khoikhoi syncopation as well as American minstrel influences from the mid-1800s and Brazilian samba. Although the Square Dances have died out, the vastrap rhythm still remains for loose dancing and Line-Dances as the highlight of ‘Langarm’ dance events today. Contemporary ‘Langarm’ dancing amongst the so-called Coloured community of the Cape, remains a vibrant social form of weekend recreation, having seen its ‘Golden Era’ in the 1940s and 1950s. This thesis attempts to show and explore the links between the colonial roots of Ballroom dancing at the Cape and current manifestations of ‘Langarm’ dancing. An important aspect of the conclusion, which was inspired by the notes of one of the foremost band leaders of the past half-century, the late Willie Jales, elects to link the titles Ballroom-Langarm in a dual-language moniker that perfectly situates its cultural and linguistic connections to the so-called Coloured community of the Cape while at the same time firmly establishes its roots and formal qualities in Ballroom dancing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gebruik van die term ‘Langarm’ deur verskeie kulturele groepe in Suid-Afrika het die betekenis daarvan geproblematiseer. Navorsing was nodig om die term se verhouding met Baldans in die sogenaamde bruin gemeenskap van die Kaap te ondersoek, aangesien dit voorkom of hierdie gemeenskap die term op ‘n spesifieke manier toegeëien het. Die navorsing kon wys op ‘n sterk tradisie van hoë kwaliteit Baldans waaraan die Afrikaanssprekende bruin gemeenskap op ‘n bepaalde stadium die term ‘Langarm’ begin koppel het. Die gebruik van hierdie term geld vir die grootste deel van die twintigste eeu. Die navorsing toon hoe musiek en dans met diepgewortelde koloniale wortels beïnvloed is deur slawerny en ‘n ontluikende kreoolkultuur in ‘n slaaf-gebaseerde gemeenskap. Kern tot hierdie geskiedenis was die musikaliteit van die slawe en die blywende invloed wat hierdie musici uitgeoefen het op die Contredanse, die Quadrille en ander Square Dances. Hierdie danse is waarskynlik aan die Kaap bekendgestel deur die Franse in die laat-agtiende eeu, en is ook beoefen deur die Britte in die vroeë jare van die negentiende eeu. Dit is hierdie tradisie wat kern is tot ‘Langarm’ praktyk in Kaapstad tot laat in die 1960’s. Die musiek van die Quadrille was in wese instrumentale musiek wat verantwoordelik was vir die bepaalde kreool-geskiedenis van instrumentale dansmusiek aan die Kaap; nie net onder die gekreoliseerde of sogenaamde bruin gemeenskap nie, maar ook onder die koloniale Kaaps-Hollandse en later Afrikaner gemeenskappe wie se dansmusiek bekend geword het ‘boeremusiek’. Sogenaamde Kleurling- of Kaaps-Maleise Quadrille strykorkeste het skynbaar vir danse gespeel tussen 1850 en die vroeë 1900’s. Die Amerikaanse oplewing van dans (die sogenaamde ‘dance craze’) in die vroeë 1900s en die nuwe Afro-Amerikaans geïnspireerde danse, sowel as die groei van Afro-Amerikaanse dansorkeste en hul musiek wat bekend sou word as ‘jazz’, het ‘n sterk invloed uitgeoefen op die instrumente samestelling en repertorium van hierdie saksofoon-gesentreerde orkeste aan die Kaap gedurende die twintigste eeu. Vanaf die 1930’s het die gebruik van die saksofoon as hoofinstrument van hierdie styl van Quadrille-musiek kenmerkend geword van ‘Langarm’ musiek in die sogenaamde bruin gemeenskap. Dit is vandag steeds die geval. Die kreool of sogenaamde Bruin uitvinding van die vastrap-ghoema ritmekompleks, wat moontlik ontwikkel het uit die vinnige riele van die Quadrille of Square Dances soos gespeel deur die Kaaps-Maleise Quadrille-orkeste van die vroeë negentiende eeu (veral tydens die Kaaps-Maleise strandpieknieks waar moppies met hierdie ritmes moontlik ook gesing is), sou kern word tot die vastrap ritme of ‘Langarm’ Square Dances en die ghoema ritmes van die vinnige marse van die Klopse en Nagtroepe (die sogenaamde ‘Klopsekarnival’) van die twintigste eeu. Die vastrap-ghoema ritmekompleks het heel moontlik Iberiese en Islamitiese ritmiese wortels gekombineer met Khoikhoi sinkopasie en American ‘minstrel’ en Braziliaanse samba invloede vanaf die middel van die 1800’s. Alhoewel die Square Dances uitgesterf het, het die vastrap ritme bly voortbestaan en is dit steeds die hoogtepunt van ‘Langarm’ dansgeleenthede vandag. Kontemporêre ‘Langarm’ dans in die sogenaamde bruin gemeenskap aan die Kaap is steeds ‘n lewendige sosiale tydverdryf tydens naweke, alhoewel die ‘goue era’ van hierdie danse in die 1940’s en 1950’s was. Hierdie tesis poog om die skakels tussen die koloniale oorspronge van Baldans aan die Kaap en kontemporêre manifestasies van ‘Langarm’ te ondersoek. ‘n Belangrike aspek van die gevolgtrekking, ingegee deur die notas van een van die belangrikste orkesleiers van die vorige halwe eeu, Willie Jales, is dat die term ‘Baldans-Langarm’ in ‘n terminologiese koppeling voorgestel word om die kulturele en linguïstiese skakels van die dansvorm met die sogenaamde bruin gemeenskap van die Kaap te bevestig, terwyl dit die oorspronge en formele eienskappe van die dansvorm ondubbelsinnig in die tradisie van Baldans situeer.
Description
Thesis (MMus)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.
Keywords
Ballroom dancing -- South Africa., Quadrille (Dance)., Langarm., Vastrap., Colonies., Ghoema., Slavery -- South Africa., Square dancing.
Citation