Browsing by Author "Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-"
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- ItemA taxonomic study of Leuconostoc oenos(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1989) Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of . Dept. of .
- ItemAntimikrobiese nanovesels vir waterbehandeling : poli(vinielalkohol)- en poli(akrielonitriel)- nanovesels met silwer-nanopartikels(LitNet, 2012) Du Plessis, Danielle; Botes, Marelize; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Cloete, Thomas EugeneDaar moet verbeter word op bestaande watersuiweringsmetodes ten einde mikrobiologies veilige en bekostigbare drinkwater te verskaf. Nanovesels word reeds gebruik in waterfiltrasiesisteme en nanofiltrasie mag selfs as ’n alternatief vir biosiede gebruik word. Verskeie variasies van nanovesels met biosiede is in die onlangse literatuur omskryf. Omdat nanovesels met antimikrobiese aktiwiteit ’n relatief nuwe studieveld is, is nog weinig studies gewy aan die uiteensetting van praktiese standaardmetodes vir antimikrobiese-aktiwiteit-bepaling. Die aktiwiteit van antimikrobiese vesels word oor die algemeen met plaattellings van kolonievormende eenhede (KVE) bepaal. Hierdie metode bepaal ’n afname in die getal kweekbare patogeniese selle teenwoordig. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om ’n vinnige, maklik uitvoerbare en akkurate toets te ontwikkel om die aktiwiteit van antimikrobiese nanovesels te bepaal.
- ItemBacteria of the genus xenorhabdus, a novel source of bioactive compounds(Frontiers Media, 2018-12-19) Dreyer, Jonike; Malan, Antoinette P.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-The genus Xenorhabdus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are mutualistically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema. Although most of the associations are species-specific, a specific Xenorhabdus sp. may infect more than one Steinernema sp. During the Xenorhabdus–Steinernema life cycle, insect larvae are infected and killed, while both mutualists produce bioactive compounds. These compounds act synergistically to ensure reproduction and proliferation of the nematodes and bacteria. A single strain of Xenorhabdus may produce a variety of antibacterial and antifungal compounds, some of which are also active against insects, nematodes, protozoa, and cancer cells. Antimicrobial compounds produced by Xenorhabdus spp. have not been researched to the same extent as other soil bacteria and they may hold the answer to novel antibacterial and antifungal compounds. This review summarizes the bioactive secondary metabolites produced by Xenorhabdus spp. and their application in disease control. Gene regulation and increasing the production of a few of these antimicrobial compounds are discussed. Aspects limiting future development of these novel bioactive compounds are also pointed out.
- ItemBiofilm dynamics : linking in situ biofilm biomass and metabolic activity measurements in real-time under continuous flow conditions(Nature Research, 2020) Klopper, Kyle Brent; De Witt, Riaan N.; Bester, Elanna; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Wolfaardt, Gideon M.The tools used to study biofilms generally involve either destructive, end-point analyses or periodic measurements. The advent of the internet of things (IoT) era allows circumvention of these limitations. Here we introduce and detail the development of the BioSpec; a modular, nondestructive, real-time monitoring system, which accurately and reliably track changes in biofilm biomass over time. The performance of the system was validated using a commercial spectrophotometer and produced comparable results for variations in planktonic and sessile biomass. BioSpec was combined with the previously developed carbon dioxide evolution measurement system (CEMS) to allow simultaneous measurement of biofilm biomass and metabolic activity and revealed a differential response of these interrelated parameters to changing environmental conditions. The application of this system can facilitate a greater understanding of biofilm mass–function relationships and aid in the development of biofilm control strategies.
- ItemCiprofloxacin-eluting nanofibers inhibits biofilm formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa and a Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(Public Library of Science, 2015-04) Ahire, Jayesh J.; Neveling, Deon P.; Hattingh, Melanie; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; MicrobiologyPseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly associated with hospital- acquired infections and are known to form biofilms. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), which is normally used to treat these infections, is seldom effective in killing cells in a biofilm. This is mostly due to slow or weak penetration of CIP to the core of biofilms. The problem is accentuated by the release of CIP below MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) levels following a rapid (burst) release. The aim of this study was to develop a drug carrier that would keep CIP above MIC levels for an extended period. Ciprofloxacin was suspended into poly(D,Llactide) (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and electrospun into nanofibers (CIP-F). All of the CIP was released from the nanofibers within 2 h, which is typical of a burst release. However, 99% of P. aeruginosa PA01 cells and 91% of S. aureus Xen 30 cells (a methicillinresistant strain) in biofilms were killed when exposed to CIP-F. CIP levels remained above MIC for 5 days, as shown by growth inhibition of the cells in vitro. The nanofibers were smooth in texture with no bead formation, as revealed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. A single vibration peak at 1632 cm-1, recorded with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicated that CIP remained in crystal form when incorporated into PDLLA: PEO. No abnormalities in the histology of MCF-12A breast epithelial cells were observed when exposed to CIP-F. This is the first report of the inhibition of biofilm formation by CIP released from PDLLA: PEO nanofibers.
- ItemComparative genomics of Fructobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. reveals nichespecific evolution of Fructobacillus spp.(BioMed Central, 2015) Endo, Akihito; Tanizawa, Yasuhiro; Tanaka, Naoto; Maeno, Shintaro; Kumar, Himanshu; Shiwa, Yuh; Okada, Sanae; Yoshikawa, Hirofumi; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Nakagawa, Junichi; Arita, MasanoriBackground: Fructobacillus spp. in fructose-rich niches belong to the family Leuconostocaceae. They were originally classified as Leuconostoc spp., but were later grouped into a novel genus, Fructobacillus, based on their phylogenetic position, morphology and specific biochemical characteristics. The unique characters, so called fructophilic characteristics, had not been reported in the group of lactic acid bacteria, suggesting unique evolution at the genome level. Here we studied four draft genome sequences of Fructobacillus spp. and compared their metabolic properties against those of Leuconostoc spp. Results: Fructobacillus species possess significantly less protein coding sequences in their small genomes. The number of genes was significantly smaller in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Several other metabolic pathways, including TCA cycle, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis and phosphotransferase systems, were characterized as discriminative pathways between the two genera. The adhE gene for bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase, and genes for subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were absent in Fructobacillus spp. The two genera also show different levels of GC contents, which are mainly due to the different GC contents at the third codon position. Conclusion: The present genome characteristics in Fructobacillus spp. suggest reductive evolution that took place to adapt to specific niches.
- ItemCopper-containing anti-biofilm nanofiber scaffolds as a wound dressing material(Public Library of Science, 2016) Ahire, Jayesh J.; Hattingh, Melanie; Neveling, Deon P.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Copper particles were incorporated into nanofibers during the electrospinning of poly-D,L-lactide (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The ability of the nanofibers to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 and Staphylococcus aureus (strain Xen 30) to form biofilms was tested. Nanofibers containing copper particles (Cu-F) were thinner (326 ± 149 nm in diameter), compared to nanofibers without copper (CF; 445 ± 93 nm in diameter). The crystalline structure of the copper particles in Cu-F was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Copper crystals were encapsulated, but also attached to the surface of Cu-F, as shown scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The copper particles had no effect on the thermal degradation and thermal behaviour of Cu-F, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). After 48 h in the presence of Cu-F, biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa PA01 and S. aureus Xen 30 was reduced by 41% and 50%, respectively. Reduction in biofilm formation was ascribed to copper released from the nanofibers. Copper-containing nanofibers may be incorporated into wound dressings.
- ItemDelivery of antibiotics from cementless titanium-alloy cubes may be a novel way to control postoperative infections(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015-02) Oosthuizen, Gert A.; Bezuidenhout, Martin B.; Van Staden, Anton D.; Dimitrov, Dimitar M.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Industrial Engineering; MicrobiologyBacterial colonisation and biofilm formation onto orthopaedic devices are difficult to eradicate. In most cases infection is treated by surgical removal of the implant and cleaning of the infected area, followed by extensive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Such treatment causes great discomfort, is expensive, and is not always successful. In this study we report on the release of vancomycin through polyethersulfone membranes from channels in cementless titanium-alloy cubes. The cubes were constructed with LaserCUSING from Ti6Al4V ELI powder. Vancomycin was released by non-Fickian anomalous (constraint) diffusion. Approximately 50% of the vancomycin was released within the first 17 h. However, sustained delivery of vancomycin for 100 h was possible by reinjecting the channels. Refillable implants may be a novel way to control postoperative infections.
- ItemDescription of Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov., the symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema khoisanae(Society for General Microbiology, 2013-09) Ferreira, Tiarin; Van Reenen, Carol A.; Endo, Akihito; Sproer, Cathrin; Malan, Antoinette P.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Bacterial strain SF87T, and additional strains SF80, SF362 and 106-C, isolated from the nematode Steinernema khoisanae, are non-bioluminescent Gram-reaction-negative bacteria that share many of the carbohydrate fermentation reactions recorded for the type strains of recognized Xenorhabdus species. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain SF87T is shown to be closely related (98 % similarity) to Xenorhabdus hominickii DSM 17903T. Nucleotide sequences of strain SF87 obtained from the recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB genes showed 96–97 % similarity with Xenorhabdus miraniensis DSM 17902T. However, strain SF87 shares only 52.7 % DNA–DNA relatedness with the type strain of X. miraniensis, confirming that it belongs to a different species. Strains SF87T, SF80, SF362 and 106-C are phenotypically similar to X. miraniensis and X. beddingii, except that they do not produce acid from aesculin. These strains are thus considered to represent a novel species of the genus Xenorhabdus, for which the name Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SF87T ( = DSM 25463T = ATCC BAA-2406T).
- ItemEvaluation of a nisin-eluting nanofiber scaffold to treat Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin infections in mice(American Society for Microbiology, 2013-08) Heunis, Tiaan D. J.; Smith, Carine; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Staphylococcus aureus is a virulent pathogen and a major causative agent of superficial and invasive skin and soft tissue infections (SSSTIs). Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, among other bacterial pathogens, has rapidly increased, and this is placing an enormous burden on the health care sector and has serious implications for infected individuals, especially immunocompromised patients. Alternative treatments thus need to be explored to continue to successfully treat infections caused by S. aureus, including antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus. In this study, an antimicrobial nanofiber wound dressing was generated by electrospinning nisin (Nisaplin) into poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(d,l-lactide) (50:50) blend nanofibers. Active nisin diffused from the nanofiber wound dressings for at least 4 days in vitro, as shown by consecutive transfers onto plates seeded with strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings significantly reduced S. aureus Xen 36 bioluminescence in vivo and viable cell numbers in a murine excisional skin infection model. The bacterial burden of wounds treated with nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings was 4.3 × 102 CFU/wound, whereas wounds treated with control nanofiber wound dressings had 2.2 × 107 CFU/wound on the last day of the trial (day 7). Furthermore, the wound dressings stimulated wound closure of excisional wounds, and no adverse effects were observed by histological analysis. Nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings have the potential to treat S. aureus skin infections and to potentially accelerate wound healing of excisional wounds.
- ItemHeterologous expression of the class IIa bacteriocins, plantaricin 423 and mundticin ST4SA, in escherichia coli using green fluorescent protein as a fusion partner(Frontiers Media, 2020) Vermeulen, Ross Rayne; Du Preez Van Staden, Anton; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-The antilisterial class IIa bacteriocins, plantaricin 423 and mundticin ST4SA, have previously been purified from the cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus plantarum 423 and Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA, respectively. Here, we present the fusions of mature plantaricin 423 and mundticin ST4SA to His-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) for respective heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Fusion of plantaricin 423 and mundticin ST4SA to His-tagged GFP produced the fusion proteins GFP-PlaX and GFP-MunX, respectively. Both fusion proteins were autofluorescent, circumvented inclusion body formation and lowered the toxicity of class IIa bacteriocins during heterologous expression. Not only did GFP-class IIa fusion stabilize heterologous expression and boost yields, the fluorescent intensity of GFP-PlaX and GFP-MunX could be monitored quantitatively and qualitatively throughout expression and purification. This robust fluorometric property allowed rapid optimization of conditions for expression and bacteriocin liberation from GFP via the incorporated WELQut protease cleavage sequence. Incubation temperature and IPTG concentration had a significant effect on bacteriocin yield, and was optimal at 18°C and 0.1–0.2 mM, respectively. GFP-MunX was approximately produced at a yield of 153.30 mg/L culture which resulted in 12.4 mg/L active mundticin ST4SA after liberation and HPLC purification. While GFP-PlaX was produced at a yield of 121.29 mg/L culture, evidence suggests heterologous expression resulted in conformation isomers of WELQut liberated plantaricin 423.
- ItemIn vivo bioluminescence imaging of the spatial and temporal colonization of lactobacillus plantarum 423 and enterococcus mundtii ST4SA in the intestinal tract of mice(BMC (part of Springer Nature), 2018-10-30) Van Zyl, Winschau F.; Deane, Shelly M.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Background: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are major inhabitants and part of the normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals. Despite substantial evidence supporting the beneficial properties of LAB, only a few studies have addressed the migration and colonization of probiotic bacteria in the GIT. The reason for this is mostly due to the limitations, or lack of, efficient reporter systems. Here we describe the development and application of a non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence reporter system to study, in real-time, the spatial and temporal persistence of Lactobacillus plantarum 423 and Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA in the intestinal tract of mice. Results: This study reports on the application of the firefly luciferase gene (ffluc) fromPhotinus pyralis to develop luciferase-expressing L. plantarum 423 and E. mundtii ST4SA, using a Lactococcus lactis NICE system on a high copy number plasmid (pNZ8048) and strong constitutive lactate dehydrogenase gene promoters (Pldh and STldh). The reporter system was used for in vivo and ex vivo monitoring of both probiotic LAB strains in the GIT of mice after single and multiple oral administrations. Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA reached the large intestine 45 min after gavage, while L. plantarum 423 reached the cecum/colon after 90 min. Both strains predominantly colonized the cecum and colon after five consecutive daily administrations. Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA persisted in faeces at higher numbers and for more days compared to L. plantarum 423. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of a high-copy number vector, constitutive promoters and bioluminescence imaging to study the colonization and persistence of L. plantarum 423 and E. mundtii ST4SA in the murine GIT. The system allowed us to differentiate between intestinal transit times of the two strains in the digestive tract. This is the first report of bioluminescence imaging of a luciferase-expressing E. mundtii strain to study colonization dynamics in the murine model. The bioluminescence system developed in this study may be used to study the in vivo colonization dynamics of other probiotic LAB.
- ItemLactic acid bacteria : taxonomy antimicrobial characteristics and probiotics(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002) Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Inaugural address delivered by Prof Leon Milner Theodore Dicks during 2002, Stellenbosch University.
- ItemLactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1 invades equine epithelial cells(American Society for Microbiology, 2012) Botha, Marlie; Botes, Marelize; Loos, Ben; Smith, Carine; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Lactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1, a natural inhabitant of the equine gastrointestinal tract, survived pH 3.0 and incubation in the presence of 1.5% (wt/vol) bile salts for at least 2 h. Strain Le1 showed 8% cell surface hydrophobicity, 60% auto-aggregation, and 47% coaggregation with Clostridium difficile C6. Only 1% of the cells adhered to viable buccal epithelial cells and invaded the cells within 20 min after contact. Preincubation of strain Le1 in a buffer containing pronase prevented adhesion to viable epithelial cells. Preincubation in a pepsin buffer delayed invasion from 20 min to 1 h. Strain Le1 did not adhere to nonviable epithelial cells. Administration of L. equigenerosi Le1 (1x10 9 CFU per 50 kg body weight) to healthy horses did not increase white blood cell numbers. Differential white blood cell counts and aspartate aminotransferase levels remained constant. Glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and urea levels remained constant during administration with L. equigenerosi Le1 but decreased during the week after administration.
- ItemMigration of bacteriocins across gastrointestinal epithelial and vascular endothelial cells, as determined using in vitro simulations(Nature Research (part of Springer Nature), 2019-08-07) Dreyer, Leane; Smith, Carine; Deane, Shelly M.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Van Staden, Anton D.Little is known about the migration of bacteriocins across human cells. In this study, we report on migration of three bacteriocins nisin, plantaricin 423 and bacST4SA across colonic adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Bacteriocins were fluorescently labelled while still maintaining antimicrobial activity. Migration of fluorescently labelled bacteriocins across monolayers was assessed in vitro using transmigration well inserts. After 3 h, 75% of nisin, 85% of plantaricin 423 and 82% of bacST4SA migrated across the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Over the same time span, 88% nisin, 93% plantaricin 423 and 91% bacST4SA migrated across the HUVEC monolayer. The viability of both cell types remained unchanged when exposed to 50 µM of nisin, plantaricin 423 or bacST4SA. The effect of human plasma on bacteriocin activity was also assessed. Activity loss was dependent on bacteriocin type and concentration, with the class-IIa bacteriocins retaining more activity compared to nisin. This is the first report of bacteriocins migrating across simulated gastrointestinal- and vascular-barriers. This study provides some of the first evidence that bacteriocins are capable of crossing the gut-blood-barrier. However, in vivo studies need to be performed to confirm these findings and expand on the role of bacteriocin migration across cell barriers
- ItemMolecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria(Taylor and Francis, 2020) Van Zyl, Winschau F.; Deane, Shelly M.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and in particular those caused by bacterial infections, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment is becoming increasingly difficult due to the increase in number of species that have developed resistance to antibiotics. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have considerable potential as alternatives to antibiotics, both in prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Several studies have documented a reduction, or prevention, of GI diseases by probiotic bacteria. Since the activities of probiotic bacteria are closely linked with conditions in the host’s GI-tract (GIT) and changes in the population of enteric microorganisms, a deeper understanding of gut-microbial interactions is required in the selection of the most suitable probiotic. This necessitates a deeper understanding of the molecular capabilities of probiotic bacteria. In this review, we explore how probiotic microorganisms interact with enteric pathogens in the GIT. The significance of probiotic colonization and persistence in the GIT is also addressed.
- ItemPhotorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel Heterorhabditis species related to Heterorhabditis indica(Society for General Microbiology, 2013-05) Ferreira, Tiarin; Van Reenen, Carol; Pages, Sylvie; Tailliez, Patrick; Malan, Antoinette P.; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-The bacterial symbiont AM7T, isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus Photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella. Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, dnaN, gltX and infB) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7T within the species Photorhabdus luminescens and revealed its close relatedness to Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis, P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis. The five concatenated protein-encoding sequences (4197 nt) of strain AM7T revealed 95.8, 95.4 and 94.9 % nucleotide identity to sequences of P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis HG29T, P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii FRG04T and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis C8404T, respectively.
- ItemPhylogenetic analysis of leuconostoc and lactobacillus species isolated from sugarcane processing streams(Wiley Open Access, 2020) Nel, Sanet; Davis, Stephen B.; Endo, Akihito; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-High levels of gums such as dextran, produced by Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus spp., have a severe impact on factory throughput and sugar quality. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relationships between gum‐producing Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus bacteria which were isolated from various locations in a sugarcane processing factory at times when low‐ and high‐dextran raw sugar, respectively, were produced. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped 81 isolates with the type strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (subspp. mesenteroides , dextranicum, and cremoris ), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc lactis, and Leuconostoc citreum , respectively. Forty‐three isolates clustered with the type strain of Lactobacillus fermentum . The phylogenetic relatedness of the isolates was determined by sequencing and analysis of the housekeeping genes rpoA and dnaA for Leuconostoc spp. and the pheS and tuf genes for the Lactobacillus spp. The rpoA gene proved discriminatory for the phylogenetic resolution of all of the isolated Leuconostoc spp. and the dnaA housekeeping gene was shown to be effective for isolates clustering with the type strains of Leuc. mesenteroides and Leuc. citreum . None of the loci examined permitted differentiation at the subspecies level of Leuc. mesenteroides . Single‐locus analysis, as well as the concatenation of the pheS and tuf housekeeping gene sequences, yielded identical phylogenies for the Lactobacillus isolates corresponding to L. fermentum.
- ItemRelease of bacteriocins from nanofibers prepared with combinations of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)(MDPI, 2011) Heunis, Tiaan; Bshena, Osama; Klumperman, Bert; Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-Plantaricin 423, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, and bacteriocin ST4SA produced by Enterococcus mundtii, were electrospun into nanofibers prepared from different combinations of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Both peptides were released from the nanofibers with a high initial burst and retained 88% of their original antimicrobial activity at 37 °C. Nanofibers have the potential to serve as carrier matrix for bacteriocins and open a new field in developing controlled antimicrobial delivery systems for various applications.
- ItemTaxonomy and physiology of heterofermentative Lactobacillus species including isolates from South African red wines(Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1985) Dicks, Leon Milner Theodore, 1961-; Stellenbosch University. Faculty of . Dept. of .