An analysis on the impact that droughts have had on both the quality and quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon wine grapes in the Stellenbosch region

Date
2020-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Droughts are the most globally recognized naturally occurring hazards, that damage agricultural ecosystems and can significantly impact agricultural production. It is therefore important to monitor as well as understand the impact that droughts can have on different agricultural products. This in addition to investigating ways to mitigate the negative impacts caused by droughts. It has been recognized that grapevines are relatively hardy plants and can thrive under moderate water stress as it forces the vine to focus on its reproductive growth. This paper is an analysis of how droughts have influenced the quality and quantity of wine grapes in the Stellenbosch region, with a focus on the Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar in particular. Grape quality is significantly harder to measure compared to yield, as the term grape quality is considered an exceedingly subjective term. That is why this paper aims to investigate specific parameters used to assess grape quality as well as see how these parameters have been influenced by droughts. This is done through an interpretive, inductive mode of inference, in order to grapple with the subjective nature of grape quality. The primary data was collected through a mixed-methods research design, employing a snowball sampling technique through the use of a self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders in the industry, including viticulturists, winemakers, and farm managers from the different wine routes in the Stellenbosch region. The results of this study indicated that the impact of a drought is site-specific, and that each winery is impacted slightly differently. The findings from this paper show that the implementation and adjustment of certain viticultural practices such as irrigation, cover crops, mulching, and canopy management, can help to mitigate the negative impact of droughts. The findings also revealed that between 2015-2019, nine out of the thirteen of the wineries sampled experienced a decline in the yield of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. It was however made clear that vines planted on rich deep soils which contain a percentage of clay, tended to experience a smaller decline in yield and in some cases even led to an increase in yield. During the same period, it was also noted that grape quality in certain instances increased due to smaller berries with better colouring, as well as an increase in the skin to pulp ratio. This led to more concentrated flavours, however in some cases the water stress resulted in a substantial increase in leaf roll symptoms in vines, as well as other problematic quality parameters. These included the increase in the fructose-glucose ratio, which impacted the winemaking process. It is therefore inconclusive whether the decline in Cabernet Sauvignon grape yield caused by droughts can be counterbalanced by an increase in grape quality during the same period in the Stellenbosch region.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Droogte is wêreldwyd die mees herkenbare natuurlike gebeurtenis wat die landbou ekosisteem beskadig en kan 'n beduidende impak hê op landbouproduksie. Dit is dus belangrik om dit te monitor, sowel as om die impak wat droogte op verskillende landbouprodukte kan hê, te verstaan. Daarbenewens is dit nodig om metodes te ondersoek wat die negatiewe invloed van droogte kan verminder. Dit is bekend dat wingerdstokke redelike sterk plante is en kan floreer onder matige waterstres, omdat dit die wingerdstok forseer om te fokus op voorplantingsgroei. Hierdie studie is 'n analise van hoe droogte die kwaliteit en kwantiteit van wyndruiwe in die Stellenbosch-streek beïnvloed, met klem op die Cabernet Sauvignon kultivar. Dit is moeiliker om druiwekwaliteit te meet in vergelyking met opbrengs, omdat druiwekwaliteit ‘n uiters subjektief term is. Hierdie studie stel dus ondersoek in na spesifieke parameters wat gebruik word om die kwaliteit van druiwe te meet, sowel as die invloed van droogte hierop. Dit word gedoen met behulp van ‘n interpreterende, induktiewe metode van gevolgtrekking, deur die subjektiewe aard van druiwekwaliteit aan te pak. Die primêre data is versamel met behulp van ‘n kombinasie van navorsingsontwerpmetodes, deur die aanwending van 'n sneeubal steekproef tegniek. Dit is gedoen deur die gebruik van ‘n self-geadministreerde vraelys en onderhoude met verskillende rolspelers in die industrie, insluitend wynbouers, wynmakers en plaasbestuurders van die verskillende wynroetes in die Stellenbosch streek. Die resultate van hierdie studie dui aan dat die impak van droogte, area-spesifiek is en dat elke wynkelder tot ‘n mate verskillend beïnvloed word. Die bevinding van hierdie projek dui aan dat die implementering en aanpassing van sekere wynboumetodes, soos byvoorbeeld besproeing, dekgewasse, deklae, lower bestuur, en verdere bestuursmetodes, kan help om die negatiewe invloed van droogte te verminder. Die studie bevind ook dat nege uit dertien van die wynkelders se wyn wat ondersoek is, 'n afname in die opbrengs van Cabernet Sauvignon druiwe gehad het in die periode 2015 - 2019. Dit was duidelik dat wingerdstokke wat in ryk, diep ground met 'n persentasie klei geplant is, geneig was om ‘n kleiner afname in opbrengs te hê. In sommige gevalle was daar selfs ‘n verhoging in opbrengs. Terselfdertyd is daar ook opgelet dat die kwaliteit van druiwe in sommige gevalle verbeter het, met kleiner korrels en beter kleur, sowel as 'n verbetering in die dop en pulp verhouding. Dit het gelei to 'n beter smaakkonsentrasie, maar in sommige gevalle het vogspanning gelei tot 'n aansienlike toename in siektesimptome van die wingerdstokke, sowel as ander problematiese kwaliteitsparametes. Dit sluit in, 'n toename in die fruktose - glukose verhouding, wat 'n invloed op die wynmaakproses gehad het. Dit is dus onduidelik of die afname van Cabernet Sauvignon druifopbrengs, veroorsaak deur droogte, uitgebalanseer kan word deur 'n verbetering van druiwekwaliteit tydens droogtes in die Stellenbosch streek.
Description
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2020.
Keywords
Grapes -- Yields -- Effect of drought on -- Stellenbosch (South Africa), Grapes -- Quality -- Effect of drought on -- Stellenbosch (South Africa), Cabernet (Wine) -- Stellenbosch (South Africa), UCTD
Citation