Investigating the interactome of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and Vitis vinifera

Date
2023-12
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a globally important grapevine disease that affects the yield and fruit quality of affected vines. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3; genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) has been identified as the main causal agent of GLD due to its consistent association with the symptoms of GLD. GLRaV-3 has not been successfully eliminated from mature vines, and no natural source of resistance to GLRaV-3 has been reported. Although the impact of GLRaV-3 infection on the transcriptome and metabolome of infected vines has been investigated, little is known about the exact mechanisms by which these effects occur. Furthermore, the roles of proteins encoded by GLRaV-3 open reading frames (ORFs) have largely been inferred by sequence homology or analogy to related viruses, and functional studies to determine their involvement in virion assembly and movement have not been performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the GLRaV-3 interactome to identify virus or host genes that play a key role in the proliferation and pathogenesis of GLRaV-3. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays were employed to screen GLRaV-3 ORFs for pairwise interactions. The majority of interactions between structural proteins suggest that GLRaV-3 shares a common mechanism of assembly with members of the genus Closterovirus, family Closteroviridae, although some unexpected interactions were also found. Interaction of p20B, a silencing suppressor, with structural proteins has not been reported for other members of the family, indicating its possible involvement in other aspects of the viral replication cycle. The GLRaV-3 transmembrane protein self-interacted; however, the mechanism by which this interaction occurs remains unknown as it lacks a cysteine residue crucial for the dimerisation of the closterovirus homolog of this protein. To identify virus-host interactions, a Vitis vinifera Y2H prey library was constructed and screened against GLRaV-3 ORFs encoding proteins involved in virion assembly, intracellular movement, and suppression of host silencing. BiFC was then used to demonstrate these interactions in planta. Two interactions identified using Y2H could not be demonstrated in planta and involved GLRaV-3 p20A, a protein of unknown function proposed to play a role in suppression of host defence responses and long-distance transport. In yeast, p20A was found to interact with a V. vinifera chlorophyll a-b binding protein and a V. vinifera SMAX1-LIKE 6 protein. Y2H and BiFC assays both demonstrated the interaction of p20A with V. vinifera mitogen-activated protein kinase and a V. vinifera small heat shock protein, as well as the interaction of GLRaV-3 minor coat protein with V. vinifera 3-deoxy-D-arabino- heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase 02. All five of these host proteins are associated with host defence responses against pathogens. Furthermore, these interactions demonstrate that the symptoms of GLD may be caused by interference with a variety of pathways. This study contributes to our knowledge on the roles of GLRaV-3-encoded proteins in its replication and spread and provides information on cellular responses by grapevine against GLRaV-3. Understanding the proteins involved in the pathogenesis of GLRaV-3 can lead to the development of novel approaches to manage GLD.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wingerd-rolblaarsiekte (GLD) is ‘n belangrike virussiekte van wingerd wêreldwyd en beïnvloed die opbrengs en vrugkwaliteit van aangetaste wingerde. Grapevine leafroll- associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3; genus Ampelovirus, familie Closteroviridae) is geïdentifiseer as die mees prominente oorsaak van GLD as gevolg van die konstante assosiasie van hierdie virus met GLD-simptome. GLRaV-3 is nog nie suksesvol uit volwasse wingerstokke geëlimineer nie, en geen natuurlike bron van weerstand teen GLRaV-3 is al gerapporteer nie. Alhoewel die effek van GLRaV-3 infeksie op die transkriptoom en metaboloom van geïnfekteerde wingerde ondersoek is, is daar min inligting oor die presiese meganisme waardeur hierdie effekte plaasvind. Verder is die rolle van proteïene gekodeer deur GLRaV-3 oopleesrame (ORFs) grootliks afgelei deur volgorde-homologie of -analogie met verwante virusse, en funksionele studies om hul rol in virion-samestelling en beweging te bepaal is nog nie uitgevoer nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die GLRaV-3-interaktoom te bestudeer om virus- of gasheergene te identifiseer wat 'n sleutelrol speel in die proliferasie van GLRaV-3 en die ontwikkeling van GLD. Gis twee-hibried (Y2H) en bimolekulêre fluoressensie komplementering (BiFC) is ingespan om GLRaV-3 ORFs vir een-tot-een interaksies te toets. Die meerderheid interaksies tussen strukturele proteïene dui daarop dat GLRaV-3 'n gemeenskaplike meganisme van virionsamestelling deel met lede van die genus Closterovirus, familie Closteroviridae, alhoewel sommige onverwagte interaksies ook gevind is. Interaksie van p20B, 'n onderdrukker van gasheer geenuitdowing, met GLRaV-3 strukturele proteïene is nie vantevore vir ander lede van die familie aangemeld nie, en dui die moontlike betrokkenheid van p20B by ander aspekte van die virale replikasie-siklus aan. Die GLRaV-3- transmembraanproteïen het self-interaksie getoon, alhoewel die meganisme waardeur hierdie interaksie plaasvind onbekend bly aangesien dit 'n sisteïenresidu ontbreek wat noodsaaklik is vir die dimerisasie van die closterovirus-homoloog van hierdie proteïen. Om virus-gasheer interaksies te identifiseer, is 'n Vitis vinifera Y2H prooi-biblioteek gebou en getoets teen GLRaV-3 ORFs wat proteïene kodeer wat betrokke is by virionsamestelling, intrasellulêre beweging en onderdrukking van gasheer-geenuitdowing. BiFC is toe gebruik om hierdie interaksies in planta te demonstreer. Twee interaksies wat met Y2H geïdentifiseer is, beide met betrekking tot GLRaV-3 p20A ('n proteïen met onbekende funksie wat moontlik 'n rol speel in die onderdrukking van gasheer geenuitdowing en langafstand translokasie van die virus), kon nie in planta gedemonstreer word nie. In gis is gevind dat p20A interaksie het met 'n V. vinifera chlorofil a-b bindende proteïen en 'n V. vinifera SMAX1-LIKE 6 proteïen. Y2H- en BiFC- toetse het beide die interaksie van p20A met V. vinifera mitogeen-geaktiveerde proteïenkinase en 'n V. vinifera klein hitteskok-proteïen, sowel as die interaksie van GLRaV-3 klein kapsiedproteïen met V. vinifera 3-deoksi-D-arabino-heptulosonaat 7-fosfaat proteïen, gewys. Verder wys hierdie interaksies dat die simptome van GLD veroorsaak kan word deur inmenging met 'n verskeidenheid van padweë. Hierdie studie dra by tot ons kennis oor die rol van GLRaV-3-gekodeerde proteïene in die replikasie en verspreiding daarvan, en verskaf inligting oor sellulêre reaksies deur die gasheer teen GLRaV-3-infeksie. Meer kennis oor die proteïene betrokke by die patogenese van GLRaV-3 kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van nuwe benaderings om GLD te bestuur.
Description
Thesis (PhDAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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