Choice, consent and owning our bodies: a feminist analysis of the continuities and discontinuities of women’s control over their reproduction from apartheid to democracy in South Africa.

Date
2023-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The oppression of women's reproduction was central to the politics of the apartheid state. The regime regulated sexuality and reproduction, both of black and white women, as part of its population control program for the continuation of white supremacy. However, under this system, racism and abuse of black women were institutionalised, resulting in injustices and abuses committed against black women. After 1994, South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy guaranteed civil and political rights. New laws fortified women's equality and reproductive rights. Twenty-five years after democracy, constraints that limit rights and choice persist. This research project aimed to question the continuities and discontinuities of women's control over their reproduction under apartheid in the post-1994 democratic regime in South Africa.The study used Rosalind Petchesky's work on reproductive freedom and Loretta Ross's work on reproductive justice to help guide its analysis. Reproductive freedom is a concept that asserts women's decisions are impacted by their social and material situations. Reproductive justice takes an intersectional approach to reproductive politics. This perspective emphasises how racial, socioeconomic, and gender inequality affects ability to freely make decisions about their reproduction. The project followed a qualitative methodology and used a case study design. Primary and secondary data were used for this research. This study collected primary data from 5 semi-structured online interviews. This research project used grey literature, news reports, and academic literature. Search strategies included conducting keyword and thematic searches, using search filters, and setting up alerts across academic and government publication databases. Three case studies were chosen: coerced contraception, abortion and conscientious objection, and sterilisation abuse. The first case focuses on coerced contraception. In February 2018, reports surfaced at the Pitso- Letlhogile Secondary School that 18 young women were coerced to accept contraceptive injections (Depo-Provera) by the North West Department of Education. The second case study focuses on abortion access. With the onset of democracy, the Choice of Termination Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 was enacted, which guarantees the right to access a safe and legal abortion. Yet, many women still opt for backstreet abortions. This chapter examined how conscientious objection and struggles in service delivery impede abortion access. The third case study focuses on sterilisation. In 2020 the Commission for Gender Equality published a report which revealed the cases of 48 women who were forcibly sterilised between 1996 and 2012 in state hospitals. The sterilisations were primarily performed on black women who were HIV positive. Each of the case studies selected, in some way, presented continuity. This research project found despite the systemic differences from apartheid to democracy, the gender inequalities that afflicted impoverished black women during apartheid persisted in the post-1994 democratic regime. Findings from the research show that the shift to democracy has brought about a change in sexual and reproductive health rights along with the expansion of the healthcare system. However, other social and material conditions, such as violence against women, socioeconomic inequality, poor service delivery and conservative attitudes, negate the realisation of these freedoms.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die apartheid regering het die seksualiteit en voortplanting, van swart en wit vroue gereguleer en onderdruk. Dit was deel van die regime se bevolkings beheerprogram vir die voortsetting van die wit bevolking. Onder die stelsel van apartheid, was rassisme asook die mishandeling van swart vroue geïnstitusionaliseer. As ‘n gevolg was talle ongeregtighede en misdade teen swart vroue gepleeg. Die verandering van apartheid tot demokrasie na 1994 in Suid-Afrika het vryheid en burgerlike en politieke regte meegebring wat vroue se gelykheid en seksuele en voortplantings regte gewaarborg het. Maar, 25 jaar ná demokrasie is dié regte en keuses steeds beperk. Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek was om kontinuïteite en diskontinuïteite van vroue se beheer oor hul voortplanting tydens apartheid, in die post-1994 demokratiese regime in Suid-Afrika te bevraagteken Die studie het Rosalind Petchesky se werk rakende reproduktiewe vryheid en Loretta Ross se werk oor reproduktiewe geregtigheid gebruik om die ontleding te lei. Reproduktiewe vryheid is 'n konsep wat aanvoer dat vroue se reproduktiewe besluite beïnvloed word deur hul sosiale en materiële omstandighede. Reproduktiewe geregtigheid volg 'n interseksionele benadering tot reproduktiewe kwessies. Hierdie perspektief beklemtoon hoe rasse-, sosio-ekonomiese en geslag ongelykheid vrouens se vermoë om vryelik besluite oor hul voortplanting te neem, beïnvloed. Die projek het 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie gevolg en 'n gevallestudie-ontwerp gebruik. Primêre en sekondêre data is vir hierdie navorsing gebruik. Die primêre data is verkry van vyf aanlyn semigestruktureerde onderhoude. Hierdie navorsingsprojek het grys literatuur, nuusberigte en akademiese literatuur gebruik. Drie gevallestudies is gekies: voorbehoeding, aborsie en sterilisasie misbruik. Die eerste gevalle studie fokus op gedwonge voorbehoeding. In Februarie 2018 was daar berigte dat 18 jong vroue by die Pitso-Letlhogile Sekondêre Skool deur die Noordwes Departement van Onderwys gedwing is om voorbehoedings middels (Depo-Provera) te neem. Die tweede gevallestudie fokus op toegang tot aborsie. Met die aanvang van demokrasie was die Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 (CTOPA) in werking gestel. CTOPA waarborg die reg op toegang tot 'n veilige en wettige aborsie. Steeds kies baie vroue agterstraat aborsies. Hierdie hoofstuk het ondersoek hoe gewetensbeswaar en probleme rakende dienslewering toegang tot aborsie belemmer. Die derde gevallestudie fokus op sterilisasie. Die Kommissie vir Geslagsgelykheid het in 2020 'n verslag gepubliseer wat staaf dat 48 vroue tussen 1996 en 2012 teen hul wil gesteriliseer is in staatshospitale. Die sterilisasies is hoofsaaklik uitgevoer op swart vroue wat HIV-positief was. Elkeen van die gevallestudies wat gekies is, het op een of ander manier kontinuïteit aangebied tussen apartheid en demokrasie. Hierdie navorsingsprojek het bevind ten spyte van die sistemiese verskille van apartheid tot demokrasie, die geslagsongelykhede wat verarmde swart vroue tydens apartheid geteister het, duur voort onder die post-1994 demokratiese regering. Die navorsingsbevindings toon dat die verandering na demokrasie 'n verbetering in seksuele en reproduktiewe gesondheid regte meegebring het asook uitgebreide toegang tot die gesondheidsorg stelsel. Ongeag verandering belemmer ander faktore, soos geweld teen vroue, sosio-ekonomiese ongelykheid, swak dienslewering en konserwatiewe oortuigings hierdie vryhede.
Description
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
Keywords
Citation