Characterisation of soil macro- and mesofauna diversity and their contribution to soil health in grain agroecosystems

Date
2023-03
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Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the most important source of food and critical to the South African economy, yet it is detrimental to the environment, including the soil. We need to find innovative ways to achieve agricultural sustainability. Sustainable models are increasingly being adopted, but the major challenge remains measuring their effectiveness. Soils are inextricably linked to sustainable agriculture, as good soils promote crop growth and yields, while sensitive to chemical inputs that farmers place on the croplands. Due to the importance and sensitivity of soil, the assessment of soil health and soil fauna biodiversity has been proposed as an indicator of sustainability yet rarely considered when making recommendation for sustainable agricultural intensification. This dissertation explores the differences in diversity of soil macro-and mesofauna (from here on called soil fauna) under different agricultural land uses, namely conventional, conservation, integrated and natural grasslands, and how this affects the soil physicochemical environment and decomposition processes. The status of macrofauna as bioindicators of soil health was explored to provide a more direct tool in measuring soil function and sustainability. Biodiversity metrics revealed that cultivation under minimum soil disturbance coupled with complex vegetation and soil cover benefited soil fauna and allowed the establishment of most functional groups, which are crucial for pest control, nutrient cycling, and decomposition. Therefore, reduced tillage and increased structural complexity are recommended for preserving soil arthropod diversity and associated ecosystem services. Litter decomposition was positively linked to soil fauna species richness and not abundance or diversity. Results also showed that, soil fauna significantly contributed to decomposition, but contributions are highly depended on temperature, soil moisture and land use intensity. These findings highlight the importance in understanding management effects on soil fauna functional roles in maintaining nutrient cycling and soil health. Soil characterisation showed that conventional land uses favoured some important soil properties, however the overall effects of the soil physicochemical environment on fauna were complex, implying that sustainable intensification will not only be beneficial for productivity but also for the promotion of soil fauna and ecosystem services. Multivariate analyses of soil health characterisation allowed for the development of a simple but robust soil health assessment tool using soil macrofauna as indicators. The tool is important for assessing land use management and associated effects on soil health and ecosystem function. Overall, this dissertation shows that sustainable management, increased biodiversity, and increased soil health complement each other. Compared to their conventional counterparts, the conservation and livestock integrated land uses optimised favourable and stable conditions for various soil fauna groups and were more like that of the natural grasslands. As some of the important soil variables are favoured by more intensive land uses, designing sustainable and functional schemes is a lengthy process which requires patience, as soil itself is an ever-evolving entity which needs time to generate and/or restore. Here it is shown that low intensity agriculture promotes health soil fauna, thus sustainable management of soils in agriculture has the potential to increase the overall soil health, biodiversity, and function, meaning they (ecosystem engineers) can restore degraded soils and ecosystem services.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landbou is die belangrikste bron van voedsel en krities vir die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie, tog is dit nadelig vir die omgewing, insluitend die grond. Ons moet innoverende maniere vind om landbouvolhoubaarheid te bereik. Volhoubare modelle word toenemend aangeneem, maar die groot uitdaging bly om hul doeltreffendheid te meet. Gronde is onlosmaaklik gekoppel aan volhoubare landbou, aangesien goeie gronde gewasgroei en opbrengste bevorder, terwyl dit sensitief is vir chemiese insette wat boere op die saailande plaas. As gevolg van die belangrikheid en sensitiwiteit van grond, is die assessering van grondgesondheid en grondfauna-biodiversiteit voorgestel as 'n aanduiding van volhoubaarheid, maar word selde oorweeg wanneer aanbevelings vir volhoubare intensivering gemaak word. Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die verskille in diversiteit van grondmakro- en mesofauna (van hier af, op grondfauna) onder verskillende landbougrondgebruike, naamlik konvensionele, bewaringsgeïntegreerde en natuurlike grasvelde, en hoe dit grondfisieschemiese omgewing en ontbindingsprosesse beïnvloed. Die status van makrofauna as bio-aanwysers van grondgesondheid is ondersoek om 'n meer direkte instrument te verskaf om grondfunksie en volhoubaarheid te meet. Biodiversiteitsmetrieke het aan die lig gebring dat bewerking onder minimum grondversteuring tesame met komplekse plantegroei en grondbedekking grondfauna bevoordeel het en die vestiging van die meeste funksionele groepe moontlik gemaak het, wat noodsaaklik is vir plaagbeheer, voedingstofsiklusse en ontbinding. Daarom word verminderde bewerking en verhoogde strukturele kompleksiteit aanbeveel vir die behoud van grondgeleedpotige diversiteit en gepaardgaande ekosisteemdienste. Rommelontbinding was positief gekoppel aan grondfauna spesierykheid en nie volopheid of rykdom nie. Resultate het ook getoon dat grondfauna aansienlik bygedra het tot ontbinding, maar bydraes is hoogs afhanklik van temperatuur, grondvog en grondgebruikintensiteit. Hierdie bevindinge beklemtoon hoe belangrik dit is om bestuurseffekte op grondfauna-rolle in die handhawing van voedingstofsiklusse en grondgesondheid te verstaan. Grondkarakterisering het getoon dat konvensionele grondgebruike 'n paar belangrike grondeienskappe bevoordeel, maar die algehele uitwerking van die grond fisies-chemiese omgewing op fauna was kompleks, wat impliseer dat volhoubare intensivering nie net voordelig sal wees vir produktiwiteit nie, maar ook vir die bevordering van grondfauna en ekosisteemdienste. Meerveranderlike ontledings van grondgesondheidskarakterisering het die ontwikkeling van 'n eenvoudige maar robuuste grondgesondheidsassesseringsinstrument moontlik gemaak deur grondmakrofauna as aanwysers te gebruik. Die instrument is belangrik vir die assessering van grondgebruikbestuur en gepaardgaande effekte op grondgesondheid en ekosisteemfunksie. Oor die algemeen toon hierdie proefskrif dat volhoubare bestuur, verhoogde biodiversiteit en verhoogde grondgesondheid mekaar aanvul. In vergelyking met hul konvensionele eweknieë, het die bewarings- en vee-geïntegreerde grondgebruike gunstige en stabiele toestande vir verskeie grondfaunagroepe geoptimaliseer en was meer soos dié van die natuurlike grasvelde. Aangesien sommige van die belangrike grondveranderlikes deur meer intensiewe grondgebruike bevoordeel word, is die ontwerp van volhoubare en funksionele skemas 'n lang proses wat geduld verg, aangesien grond self 'n voortdurend ontwikkelende entiteit is wat tyd nodig het om te genereer en of te herstel. Hier word aangetoon dat lae intensiteit landbou gesondheid grondfauna bevorder, dus het volhoubare bestuur van gronde in landbou die potensiaal om die algehele grondgesondheid, biodiversiteit en funksie te verhoog, wat beteken dat hulle gedegradeerde gronde en ekosisteemdienste kan herstel.
Description
Thesis (PhDConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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