Effect of oxidative stress on MEP pathway dependent enzyme and cytokinin production in Mycobacteria

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2023-12
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health concern and is exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease. The survival strategy employed by the pathogen in the face of oxidative stress and antibiotic onslaught is tolerance. Therefore, gaining insights into such tolerance mechanisms is critical to understanding M. tb infection and towards development of antitubercular agents. This study focused on investigating contribution of tRNA delta(2)-isopentenylpyrophosphate transferase (MiaA) to the tolerance mechanism employed by the bacteria. MiaA mediates (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation in which isoprenyl group is transferred to tRNA molecule at N-6 of adenine in position 37. The loss of (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation increased translational infidelity, which is associated with tolerance of oxidative and osmotic stress in some prokaryotes. To unravel the potential role of nitric oxide in translational infidelity-induced drug tolerance through the low (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation mechanism, we employed targeted metabolomics and CRISPRi technology targeting the Mycobacterium smegmatis miaA (MSMEG_2734) gene. Subsequently, various phenotypic characterizations were performed to investigate MiaA potential physiological roles. Using LC-MS/MS method, we also investigated the impact of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide on intracellular concentration of cytokinin, the degradation end-product of (i6A37) isopentenylated tRNA. Oxidant tolerance was assessed by exposing the miaA CRISPRi hypomorph to varying concentrations of potassium nitrite and hydrogen peroxide, while drug tolerance was assessed using isoniazid and ethambutol. Additionally, we evaluated the ability of the miaA CRISPRi hypomorph to withstand acidic pH conditions, while the viability of stimulated THP-1 cells was assessed using commercial cytokinins. The miaA M. smegmatis CRISPRi strain was successfully generated and confirmed by plasmid sequencing, and exposure of the miaA mutant to 200 ng/ml ATc for 24 hours depleted 80% of miaA, and slowed mutant growth by 5%. The miaA hypomorph displayed 4-fold susceptibility to superoxide radical generating agents, cadmium and paraquat, while susceptibility to the first-line TB antibiotics, isoniazid and ethambutol was unchanged. Interestingly, long miaA depletion induced minor but significant tolerance to hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrite. Furthermore, miaA depletion was found to increase cytokinin 2-fold, which was further increased 2- and 4-fold by potassium nitrite and hydrogen peroxide treatment, respectively. Further evidence was presented to support degradation of (i6A37) isopentenylated tRNA as the only route for cytokinin biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Finally, cytokinin was found to inhibit THP-1 growth in a concentration dependent manner. Overall, using miaA hypomoprph, we showed that deficient (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation increased hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrite tolerance and that cytokinin production occurs via degradation of isopentanylated (i6A37) tRNA in mycobacteria.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tuberkulose (TB) bly 'n beduidende wêreldwye kommer oor openbare gesondheid en word vererger deur die opkoms van middelweerstandige stamme van Mycobacterium tuberculosis, die veroorsakende middel van die siekte. Die oorlewingstrategie wat die patogeen gebruik in die lig van oksidatiewe stres en antibiotiese aanslag is verdraagsaamheid. Daarom is die verkryging van insigte in sulke verdraagsaamheidsmeganismes van kritieke belang om M. TB-infeksie te verstaan en om antituberkulêre middels te ontwikkel. Hierdie studie het gefokus op die ondersoek na die bydrae van tRNA delta(2)-isopentenylpyrophosphate transferase (MiaA) tot die toleransiemeganisme wat deur die bakterieë gebruik word. MiaA bemiddel (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation waarin isoprenielgroep oorgedra word na tRNA molekule by N-6 van adenien in posisie 37. Die verlies van (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation het translasionele ontrouheid verhoog, wat verband hou met verdraagsaamheid van oksidatiewe en osmotiese stres by sommige prokariote. Om die potensiële rol van stikstofoksied in translasionele ontrouheid-geïnduseerde geneesmiddelverdraagsaamheid te ontrafel deur die lae (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylation meganisme, het ons geteikende metabolomika en CRISPRi-tegnologie gebruik wat gerig is op die Mycobacterium smegmatis miaA (MSMEG_2734) geen. Daarna is verskeie fenotipiese karakteriserings uitgevoer om MiaA potensiële fisiologiese rolle te ondersoek. Met behulp van LC-MS / MS-metode het ons ook die impak van waterstofperoksied en stikstofoksied op intrasellulêre konsentrasie van sitokinien ondersoek, die afbraak-eindproduk van (i6A37) isopentenylated tRNA. Oksidantverdraagsaamheid is beoordeel deur die miaA CRISPRi-hipomorf bloot te stel aan verskillende konsentrasies kaliumnitriet en waterstofperoksied, terwyl geneesmiddelverdraagsaamheid met behulp van isoniazid en ethambutol beoordeel is. Daarbenewens het ons die vermoë van die miaA CRISPRi-hipomorf geëvalueer om suur pH-toestande te weerstaan, terwyl die lewensvatbaarheid van gestimuleerde THP-1-selle met behulp van kommersiële sitokiniene beoordeel is. Die miaA M. smegmatis CRISPRi-stam is suksesvol gegenereer en bevestig deur plasmiedvolgordebepaling, en blootstelling van die miaA-mutant tot 200 ng/ml ATc vir 24 uur het 80% van miaA uitgeput en mutante groei met 5% vertraag. Die miaA hipomorf het 4- voudige vatbaarheid vir superoksied radikale genererende middels, kadmium en paraquat vertoon, terwyl die vatbaarheid vir die eerste-lyn TB-antibiotika, isoniazid en ethambutol onveranderd was. Interessant genoeg het lang miaA-uitputting geringe maar beduidende verdraagsaamheid teenoor waterstofperoksied en kaliumnitriet veroorsaak. Verder is gevind dat miaA-uitputting sitokinien 2- voudig verhoog, wat verder 2- en 4-voudig verhoog is deur onderskeidelik kaliumnitriet- en waterstofperoksiedbehandeling. Verdere bewyse is aangebied om die agteruitgang van (i6A37) isopentenylated tRNA te ondersteun as die enigste roete vir sitokinienbiosintese in mikobakterieë. Laastens is gevind dat sitokinien THP-1-groei op 'n konsentrasieafhanklike wyse inhibeer. Oor die algemeen, met behulp van miaA hypomoprph, het ons getoon dat gebrekkige (i6A37) tRNA isopentenylasie waterstofperoksied en kaliumnitriettoleransie verhoog het en dat sitokinienproduksie plaasvind deur agteruitgang van isopentanylated (i6A37) tRNA in mycobacteria.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.
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