An evaluation of the quality of service delivery in private primary care facilities in Nairobi, Kenya

Date
2021-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY : Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that well-functioning primary health care (PHC) should be the foundation of effective health systems. Primary care (PC) is a subset of PHC, and is a “key process in the health system that supports first-contact, accessible, continued, comprehensive and coordinated patient-focused care.” In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), health systems still face many challenges and PC remains poorly functioning in many countries. Measuring the quality of PC service delivery and identifying the strengths and weaknesses will help policy makers and implementers improve PC and achieve better health outcomes. Kenya’s Health Policy 2012-2030 aims to promote higher quality and better access to services, however, “quality” remains a major challenge. The private health care system provides 52% of all health care services and may have a bigger role to play in the future. In Kenya, most of the PC in the private sector is provided by general practitioners (GPs), the majority of whom do not have specialist postgraduate training. Due to diversity and fragmentation of the private PC system, there is little data on the strengths and weaknesses of key elements of PC service delivery. Hence, the new knowledge from our study is aimed at kick-starting future evaluations leading to a long term improvement in quality in service delivery in line with the existing and new health needs that are anticipated over the next few decades. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of service delivery in PC facilities by GPs in the private sector in Nairobi, Kenya. Five studies were performed to measure the key elements of quality PC: first-contact access, coordination, continuity, comprehensiveness and person-centredness. The abstracts for the five articles are provided below. Article 1: Perceptions regarding the scope of practice of family doctors amongst patients in primary care settings in Nairobi. Background: Primary care is the foundation of the Kenyan health care system, providing comprehensive care, health promotion and managing all illnesses across the lifecycle. In the private sector in Nairobi, PC is principally offered by general practitioners. Little is known about how patients perceive their capability. The aim was to assess patients’ perceptions of the scope of practice of GPs working in private sector PC clinics in Nairobi and their awareness of the new discipline of family medicine. Methods: A descriptive survey using a structured, self-administered questionnaire in eight private sector PC clinics in Nairobi. Simple random sampling was used to recruit 162 patient participants. Results: Of the participants, only 30% knew the difference between FPs and GPs. There was a high to moderate confidence (>60%) that GPs could treat common illnesses, provide lifestyle advice, offer family planning and childhood immunisations. In adolescents and adults, low confidence (<60%) was expressed in their ability to manage tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus and cancer. In the elderly, there was low confidence in their ability to manage depression, anxiety, urinary incontinence and diabetes. There was low confidence in their ability to provide antenatal care and pap smears. Conclusion: Patients did not perceive that GPs could offer fully comprehensive PC services. These perceptions may be addressed by defining the expected package of care, designing a system that encourages the utilisation of PC and employing family physicians. Article 2: Evaluation of the quality of service delivery in private sector, primary care clinics in Kenya. Background: The quality of PC service delivery is an important determinant of clinical outcomes. The patients’ perspective is one significant predictor of this quality. Little is known of the quality of such service delivery in the private sector in Kenya. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of service delivery from the patient’s perspective in private sector, PC clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey by using the General Practice Assessment Questionnaire in 378 randomly selected patients from 13 PC clinics. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Overall, 76% were below 45 years, 74% employed and 73% without chronic diseases. Majority (97%) were happy to see the general practitioner (GP) again, 99% were satisfied with their consultation and 83% likely to recommend the GP to others. Participants found the receptionist helpful (97%) and the majority were happy with the opening hours (73%) and waiting times (85%). Although 84% thought appointments were important, only 48% felt this was easy to make, and only 44% were able to access a particular GP on the same day. Overall satisfaction was higher in employed (98%) versus those unemployed (95%), studying (93%) or retired (94%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients reported high satisfaction with the quality of service delivery. Utilisation was skewed towards younger, employed adults, without chronic conditions, suggesting that PC was not fully comprehensive. Services were easily accessible, although with little expectation of relational continuity. Further studies should continue to evaluate the quality of service delivery from other perspectives and tools. Article 3: Evaluation of the quality of communication in consultations by general practitioners in primary care settings, Nairobi, Kenya. Background: Primary care is the starting point for patients seeking health care. High quality PC requires effective communication to support person-centredness, continuity and coordination of care, and better health outcomes. In Kenya, there is very scanty knowledge about the quality of communication in consultations by GPs in the private sector. Hence, the aim was to evaluate the quality of communication in consultations by GPs. Methods: Descriptive, observational cross-sectional study of 23 GPs consultations in 13 primary care facilities in Nairobi. One consenting adult patient was randomly selected from the GP’s list for an audio recording of their consultation. Audio recordings were assessed using the Stellenbosch University Observation Tool. The overall score for each consultation was obtained out of a maximum of 32. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Results: The median age of the GPs was 30.0 years (IQR: 29-32) with a median of 3-years’ experience after graduation (IQR=3-6). Median consultation time was 7.0 minutes (IQR=3-9). Median score of the consultations was 64.3% (IQR: 48.4-75.7). The GPs fully performed skills in gathering information, making a diagnosis and in its explanation and management. The GPs did not make an appropriate introduction, nor explore the family and social context or patient’s perspective. Patients were not fully involved in the shared decision making process. Safety netting and closure was not fully addressed. There was a significant positive correlation between the consultation scores and duration of the consultations (r=0.680, p=0.001). Conclusion: Consultations were brief, with low-to-moderate complexity and had a biomedical approach. Training in communication skills with the goal of providing person-centred care will result in higher quality consultations and PC. Article 4: The quality of primary care performance in private sector facilities in Nairobi, Kenya. Background: Integrated health services with an emphasis on PC are needed for effective primary health care and achievement of universal health coverage. The key elements of high quality PC are first-contact access, continuity, comprehensiveness, coordination, and person-centredness. In Kenya, there is little information on these key elements and such information is needed to improve service delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of PC performance in a group of private sector clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study adapted the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) for the Kenyan context and surveyed 412 systematically sampled PC users, from 13 PC clinics. Data was analysed to measure 11 domains of PC performance and two aggregated PC scores using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Mean primary care score was 2.64 (SD=0.23) and the mean expanded primary care score was 2.68 (SD=0.19), implying poor overall performance. The domains of first contact-utilisation, coordination (information system), family-centredness and cultural competence had mean scores of >3.0 (acceptable to good performance). The domains of first contact (access), coordination, comprehensiveness (provided and available), ongoing care and community-orientation had mean scores of < 3.0 (poor performance). Older respondents (p=0.05) and those with higher affiliation to the clinics (p=0.01) were more likely to rate PC as acceptable to good. Conclusion: These private sector clinics in Nairobi had a poor overall performance. Performance could be improved by deploying family physicians, increasing the scope of practice to become more comprehensive, improving access after-hours and marketing the use of the clinics to the practice population. Article 5: General practitioners’ training and experience in the clinical skills required for comprehensive primary care, Nairobi, Kenya. Background: Quality service delivery in primary care requires availability of motivated and competent health professionals. There is a paucity of evidence on the ability of PC providers to deliver comprehensive care and no such evidence is available for GPs practising in the private sector in Kenya. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the GPs’ training and experience in the clinical skills required for comprehensive primary care. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey using an adapted questionnaire, originally designed for a national survey of PC doctors in South Africa. The study evaluated self-reported clinical skills performance of all 25 GPs at the 13 PC clinics in Nairobi. Results: GPs were mostly under 40 years with less than 10 years of experience with an almost equal gender distribution. Categories with moderate performance included adult health, emergencies, communication and consultation, child health and clinical administration skills. Whilst, weak performance included surgery, ear-nose-and-throat, eyes, women’s health and orthopaedics. The GPs lacked training in specific skills related to proctoscopy, contraceptive devices, skin procedures, intra-articular injections, red reflex test and use of a genogram. Conclusion: Majority of the GPs were young with few years of clinical experience after graduation. GPs lacked training and performed poorly in some of the essential and basic skills required in PC. The gaps highlighted the need for training and broadening the model of care to offer a more comprehensive package. Training in family medicine can also be offered, which aims to deliver an expert generalist and attention should be given to health systems design and the necessary inputs required to support more comprehensive care. Final conclusions: The patients visiting these private clinics consisted mostly of young to middle-aged adults, who were well-educated and employed. Most of the patients did not have any chronic conditions and reported their health status as good to excellent. Overall ratings showed high satisfaction in relation to first-contact utilisation, services by the receptionists, the regular opening hours of the clinics and short waiting times. Even though patients expressed the desire to book appointments via the phone, access to this service was limited. Access to a particular GP by phone or for emergency consultations was also limited. Utilisation and long-term affiliation with the practice was reported as good, suggesting reasonable longitudinal continuity. Patients expressed high satisfaction with care enablement and had confidence in the GPs’ honesty and trustworthiness. Informational continuity was also strong, although relational continuity less so, as patients did not express a commitment to any particular GP. Patients had limited expectations of the comprehensiveness of services offered by the GPs. Patients also reported low confidence in the GPs’ ability to manage and provide care for many core aspects of PC. The clinics were not comprehensive in the range of services available and provided. The gaps were evident in areas such as chronic conditions, antenatal care, advice for lifestyle modifications, women’s and men’s health screening. The facilities did not offer a complete primary health care team such as access to a social worker, physiotherapist, counsellor or dietician. There was poor performance by the GPs in some of the essential and basic skills required to offer a more comprehensive package of care in areas such as women’s health, ear, nose and throat, ophthalmology and orthopaedics. The information system supported care coordination and was excellent due to an integrated electronic health record system and contributed to patient satisfaction. GPs conducted brief consultations of low-moderate complexity and showed a substantial commitment to parallel coordination of care within the clinic. However, the quality of sequential coordination was reported as borderline and patients were rarely referred to the hospital. Patients felt confident in and satisfied with brief bio-medical consultations. GPs were able to obtain sufficient biomedical information, make an appropriate diagnosis, as well as formulate and explain an appropriate management plan. However, there were gaps in the provision of whole-person medicine related to the patient’s perspectives and context, exploration of patient’s psychosocial and occupational history, shared decision making process, provision of safety netting and closure. Patients, however, felt that GPs were sufficiently family-centred and culturally competent. The combined observations of all these studies confirm that this private health care system is not offering fully accessible, continuous, coordinated, comprehensive and person-centred primary care. A number of recommendations are made to improve the quality of PC.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Inleiding: Volgens die wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) moet ‘n goei funksionerende primere gesondheidsorg (PGS), die fondament wees van effektiewe gesondheidstelsels. Primêre sorg (PS) is ' n deelversameling van PGS, en is 'n “sleutelproses in die gesondheidstelsel wat eerste-kontak, toeganklike, voortgesette, omvattende en gekoördineerde pasiëntgerigte sorg ondersteun”. In sub-Saharan-Afrika (SSA), ervaar gesondheidstelsels nog baie uitdagings, en primêre sorg bly swak gefunksionerend in baie lande. Die maatstaf van gehalte primêre sorgdienslewering en die bepaling van die sterk en swak punte sal beleidmakers en implementeerders help om primêre sorg te verbeter en beter gesondheidsresultate te behaal. Kenya se Gesonheids Beleid 2012-2030 beoog vir hoër gehalte en beter toegang tot dienste, alhoewel, " kwaliteit " bly 'n "groot uitdaging". Die private gesondheidsorg stelsel bied 52 % van alle gesondheidsorgdiens aan, en kan 'n groter rol in die toekoms speel. In Kenya, is die meeste van die Primere Sorg in die private sektor deur algemene praktisyns (AP) verskaf, die meerderheid het nie spesialis nagraadse opleiding nie. As gevolg van verskeidenheid en verswakking van die private PS stelsel, is daar min data oor die sterk- en swakpunte van sleutelelemente van PS dienslewering Die hoof doel van hierdie studie was om die gehalte van dienslewering in PS fasiliteite deur AP in die private sektor in Nairobi, Kenya te evalueer. Vyf studies is uitgevoer om die sleutelelemente van kwaliteit PS te meet: toegang tot eerste kontak, koördinasie, kontinuïteit, omvattendheid en persoonsgerigtheid. Die abstrakte vir die vyf artikels word hieronder gegee. Artikel 1: Persepsies rakende die praktyk van APs onder pasiënte in primêre sorginstellings in Nairobi. Agtergrond: Primêre sorg is die grondslag van die Keniaanse gesondheidsorgstelsel, wat omvattende sorg bied, gesondheidsbevordering en die bestuur van alle siektes gedurende die lewensiklus. In die private sektor in Nairobi word PS hoofsaaklik deur algemene praktisyns aangebied. Daar is min bekend oor hoe pasiënte hul vermoë ervaar nie. Die doel was om die persepsie van pasiënte oor die praktyk van praktisyns wat in privaat sektore in Nairobi werk, te beoordeel en hul bewustheid van die nuwe dissipline van huisartskunde. Metodes: A beskrywende opname met behulp van 'n gestruktureerde, self toegediende vraelys in agt private sektor PS klinieke in Nairobi. Eenvoudige steekproefneming is gebruik om 162 pasiëntdeelnemers te werf. Uitslae: Van die deelnemers het slegs 30% geweet wat die verskil was tussen FP's en AP 's. Daar was 'n hoë tot matige vertroue (> 60%) dat APs algemene siektes kan behandel, lewenstyl advise kan aanbied, gesinsbeplanning en kinderjare inentings aanbied. By adolessente en volwassenes is lae selfvertroue (<60%) uitgedruk in hul vermoë om tuberkulose, menslike immuniteitsgebreksvirus en kanker te hanteer. By bejaardes was daar min vertroue in hul vermoë om depressie, angs, urinêre inkontinensie en suikersiekte te kan hanteer. Daar was 'n lae vertroue in hul vermoë om voorgeboortesorg en papsmere te voorsien. Gevolgtrekking: Pasiënte het nie besef dat APs volledig omvattende PS dienste kon aanbied nie. Hierdie persepsies kan aangespreek word deur die verwagte pakket van sorg te definieer, 'n stelsel te ontwerp wat die gebruik van PS aanmoedig en ‘n familie geneesheer in diens te neem. Artikel 2: Evaluering van die gehalte van dienslewering in die private sektor, primêre sorg klinieke in Kenya. Agtergrond: Die gehalte van PS dienslewering is 'n belangrike faktor in kliniese uitkomste. Die pasiënt se perspektief is een belangrike voorspeller van hierdie kwaliteit. Daar is min kennis oor die kwaliteit van sulke dienslewering in die private sektor in Kenya. Die doel van die studie was om die kwaliteit van dienslewering te evalueer vanuit die perspektief van die pasiënt in die private sektor, PS klinieke in Nairobi, Kenya. Metodes: Die studie het 'n beskrywende deursnee-opname gebruik deur die Algemene Praktyk Assesseringsvraelys te gebruik met 378 pasiënte wat ewekansig geselekteer is uit 13 PS klinieke. Data is geanaliseer met behulp van die Statistiese pakket vir Sosiale Wetenskappe. Uitslae: In die algemeen was 76% onder 45 jaar, 74% werkloos en 73% sonder chroniese siektes. Meerderheid (97%) was bly om die huisarts weer te sien, 99% was tevrede met hul konsultasie en 83% sou die huisdokter waarskynlik aanbeveel. Deelnemers het die ontvangsdame behulpsaam gevind (97%) en die meerderheid was tevrede met die openingstye (73%) en die wagtyd (85%). Alhoewel 84% van die afsprake belangrik was, het slegs 48% dit maklik gevind om a afspraaf te maak, en slegs 44% kon op dieselfde dag toegang tot 'n huisarts kry. Algehele tevredenheid was hoër in diens (98%) teenoor werklose (95%), studeer (93%) of afgetredes (94%) (p <0.001). Gevolgtrekking: Pasiënte het hoë tevredenheid met die gehalte van dienslewering gerapporteer. Die gebruik van PS is skeef teenoor jonger, werkende volwassenes, sonder chroniese toestande, wat daarop dui dat PS nie volledig was nie. Dienste was maklik toeganklik, alhoewel daar min verwagting was van verhoudike kontinuïteit. Verdere studies moet voortgaan om die kwaliteit van dienslewering vanuit ander perspektiewe en instrumente te evalueer. Artikel 3: Evaluering van die kwaliteit van kommunikasie in konsultasies deur algemene praktisyns in primêre sorginstellings, Nairobi, Kenya. Agtergrond: Primêre sorg is die beginpunt vir pasiënte wat gesondheidsorg soek. Hoë-kwaliteit PS benodig effektiewe kommunikasie om persoonsgerigtheid, kontinuïteit en koördinering van sorg, en beter gesondheidsuitkomste te ondersteun. In Kenya is daar min te wete oor die kwaliteit van kommunikasie in konsultasies deur APs in die private sektor. Die doel was dus om die kwaliteit van kommunikasie in konsultasies deur APs te evalueer. Metodes: Beskrywende, waarnemende dwarssnitstudie van 23 APs in 13 primêre sorgfasiliteite in Nairobi. Een instemmende volwasse pasiënt is ewekansig uit die lys van die APs gekies vir 'n klankopname van hul konsultasie. Klankopnames is beoordeel met behulp van die Universitieit van Stellenbos Observasie Hulpmiddel. Die totale telling vir elke konsultasie is behaal uit 'n maksimum van 32. Data is geanaliseer met behulp van die Statistiese Pakket vir Sosiale Wetenskappe weergawe 25. Uitslae: Die gemiddelde ouderdom van die AP was 30,0 jaar (IQR: 29-32) met 'n mediaan van 3 jaar ervaring na die gradeplegtigheid (IQR = 3-6). Gemiddelde konsultasietyd was 7,0 minute (IQR = 3-9). Die gemiddelde telling van die konsultasies was 64,3% (IQR: 48,4-75,7). Die AP het ten volle hul vaardighede in die insameling van inligting, diagnosering en in sy verklaring en bestuur gehandhaf. APs het nie 'n gepaste inleiding gemaak nie en ook nie die gesin en sosiale konteks of die perspektief van die pasiënt ondersoek nie. Pasiënte was nie ten volle betrokke by die gedeelde besluitnemingsproses nie. Veiligheidsnetwerk en sluiting is nie volledig aangespreek nie. Daar was 'n beduidende positiewe korrelasie tussen die konsultasietellings en die duur van die konsultasies (r = 0,680, p = 0,001). Gevolgtrekking: Konsultasies was kort, met lae tot matige ingewikkeldheid en het 'n biomediese benadering gehad. Opleiding in kommunikasievaardighede met die doel om persoonsgerigte sorg te bied, sal konsultasies en PS van hoër gehalte tot gevolg hê. Artikel 4: Die gehalte van primêre sorg in private sektor- fasiliteite in Nairobi, Kenya. Agtergrond: Geïntegreerde gesondheidsdienste met die klem op PS is nodig vir effektiewe primêre gesondheidsorg en om universele gesondheidsdekking te bewerkstellig. Die sleutelelemente van 'n hoë gehalte PS is toegang tot eerste kontak, kontinuïteit, omvattendheid, koördinasie en persoonsgerigtheid. In Kenya is daar min inligting oor hierdie sleutelelemente, en sulke inligting is nodig om dienslewering te verbeter. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die kwaliteit van PS te evalueer in 'n groep van private sector klinieke in Nairobi, Kenya. Metodes: 'n Beskrywende studie in dwarsdeursnee het die “Primary Care Assessment Tool” (PCAT) aangepas vir die Keniaanse konteks en 412 stelselmatige PS gebruikers van 13 PS klinieke ondersoek. Data was geanaliseer om 11 domeine van PS prestasie en twee saamgestelde PS tellings te meet met behulp van die Statistiese Pakket vir Sosiale Wetenskappe. Uitslae: Gemiddelde primêre sorg telling was 2.64 (SD = 0.23) en die gemiddelde uitgebreide primêre sorg telling was 2.68 (SD = 0.19), wat bedui dat die prestasie swak was. Die domeine van eerste kontakbenutting, koördinasie (inligtingstelsel), gesinsgesentreerdheid en kulturele bekwaamheid het gemiddelde tellings van > 3.0 (aanvaarbaar vir goeie prestasie). Die domeine van eerste kontak (toegang), koördinasie, omvattendheid (beskikbaar en beskikbaar), deurlopende sorg en gemeenskapsgerigtheid het 'n gemiddelde telling van <3,0 (swak prestasie). Ouer respondente (p = 0,0 5) en diegene met 'n hoër verbintenis tot die klinieke (p = 0,01) het PS meer as aanvaarbaar tot goed beoordeel. Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie klinieke in Nairobi in die private sektor het 'n swak algemene prestasie behaal. Prestasie kan verbeter word deur ontploiing van familie geneeshere, verhoging van die omvang van die praktyk om dit meer omvattend te maak, die verbetering van toegang na-ure en die bemarking van die gebruik van die klinieke aan die praktyk bevolking. Artikel 5: Algemene praktisyns se opleiding en ervaring in die kliniese vaardighede wat benodig word vir omvattende primêre sorg, Nairobi, Kenya. Agtergrond: Gehalte dienslewering in primêre sorg vereis die beskikbaarheid van gemotiveerde en bekwame gesondheidswerkers. Daar is 'n gebrek aan bewyse oor die vermoë van PS verskaffers om omvattende sorg te verleen, en daar is geen bewyse beskikbaar vir APs wat in die private sektor in Kenya praktiseer nie. Daarom was die doel om die APs se opleiding en ervaring in die kliniese vaardighede wat benodig is vir omvattende primêre sorg te evalueer. Metodes: Dit was 'n deursnee beskrywende opname met behulp van 'n aangepaste vraelys, oorspronklik ontwerp vir 'n nasionale opname onder primêre sorgartse in Suid-Afrika. In die studie is die optrede van al 25 APs by die 13 primêre sorgklinieke in Nairobi geëvalueer. Uitslae: APs was meestal jonger as 40 jaar met minder as tien jaar ervaring met 'n byna gelyke geslagsverdeling. Kategorieë met matige prestasies het gesondheid van volwassenes, noodgevalle, kommunikasie en konsultasie, gesondheid van kinders en kliniese administrasievaardighede, ingesluit. Terwyl swak prestasies inslitend was van chirurgie, oor-neus-en-keel, oë, vrouegesondheid en ortopedie. Die APs het nie opleiding in spesifieke vaardighede rakende proktoskopie, voorbehoedmiddels, velprosedures, intra-artikulêre inspuitings, rooi reflekstoets en die gebruik van 'n genogram gehad nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die meerderheid van die huisdokters was jonk met 'n paar jaar kliniese ervaring na die gradeplegtigheid. Huisartse het nie opleiding gehad nie en het swak presteer in sommige van die noodsaaklike en basiese vaardighede wat vereis word in PS. Die leemtes het die behoefte aan opleiding beklemtoon en die versorgingsmodel uitgebrei om 'n meer omvattende pakket aan te bied. Daar kan ook opleiding aangebied word in Huisartskunde, wat 'n kundige algemene praktisyn wil lewer 'en daar moet aandag gegee word aan die ontwerp van gesondheidstelsels en die nodige insette wat nodig is om meer omvattende sorg te bied. Gevolgtrekkings: Die pasiënte wat hierdie private klinieke besoek het, bestaan hoofsaaklik uit jong tot middeljarige ouderdom volwassenes, wie goed opgeleid en in diens op geneem was. Die meeste pasiënte het geen chroniese toestande gehad nie en het hul gesondheidstoestand as goed tot uitstekend gerapporteer. Algehele graderings het 'n hoë satisfaksie in verband met eerste - kontak benutting, dienste deur die ontvangsdame, die gereelde ure van die klinieke en kort wagtye. Alhoewel pasiënte die begeerte uitgespreek het om afsprake via die telefoon te bespreek, was toegang tot hierdie diens beperk. Toegang tot 'n bepaalde AP deur telefoon of vir 'n noodgeval konsultasies is ook beperk. Die gebruik en langdurige aansluiting by die praktyk is as goed beskou, wat dui op 'n redelike longitudinale kontinuïteit. Pasiënte het groot tevredenheid uitgespreek oor die versorging en vertroue in die eerlikheid en betroubaarheid van die APs. Inligtingskontinuïteit was ook sterk, alhoewel verhoudingskontinuïteit minder was, aangesien pasiënte nie 'n verbintenis met 'n spesifieke AP uitgespreek het nie. Pasiënte het beperkte verwagtings van die omvattendheid van dienste wat aangebied word deur die APs. Pasiënte het ook 'n lae vertroue in die praktisyns se vermoë om baie kernaspekte van die PS te bestuur en te versorg, gerapporteer. Die klinieke was nie omvattend in die verskeidenheid dienste wat beskikbaar en gelewer was nie. Die gapings van APs was duidelik in gebiede soos chroniese toestande, voorgeboortesorg, advies vir lewenstyl veranderings, vroue en mansgesondheid. Die fasiliteite bied nie 'n volledige primêre gesondheidsorgspan soos toegang tot 'n maatskaplike werker, fisioterapeut, berader of dieetkundige nie. Daar was swak vertoning deur die APs in 'n paar van die noodsaaklike en basiese vaardighede wat nodig is om 'n meer omvattende packet aan te bied van sorg in gebiede soos vroue se gesondheid, oor-, neus- en keel, oogheelkunde en ortopedie. Die inligtingstelsel ondersteun sorgkoördinasie en was uitstekend as gevolg van ‘n geïntegreerde elektroniese gesondheidsrekordstelsel wat bygedra het tot pasiënt tevredenheid. Huisdokters het kort konsultasies van lae-matige kompleksiteit gehou en 'n wesenlike verbintenis getoon met die parallelle koördinering van sorg binne die klinie. Die kwaliteit van opeenvolgende koördinasie is egter as grenslyn aangegee en pasiënte word selde na die hospitaal verwys. Pasiënte het vertroue en tevredenheid gehad met kort bio-mediese konsultasies. APs kon voldoende biomediese inligting bekom, 'n toepaslike diagnose maak en 'n toepaslike bestuursplan formuleer en verduidelik. Maar daar was gapings in die voorsiening van die hele persoon medisyne wat verband hou met die pasiënt se perspektief en konteks, eksplorasie van pasiënt's psigososiale en beroeps- geskiedenis, gedeel besluitnemingsproses, voorsiening van veiligheid, netting en sluiting. Pasiënte het egter gevoel dat APs voldoende gesinsgesentreerde en kulturele bekwaamd was. Die gesamnetlike waarnemings van al hierdie studies bevestig dat hierdie privaat gesondheidsorgstelsel nie ten volle toeganklike, deurlopende, gekoördineerde, omvattende en persoonsgerigte primêre sorg bied nie. 'n Aantal aanbevelings word gemaak om die kwaliteit van PS te verbeter.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2021.
Keywords
Health facilities, Proprietary -- Nairobi (Kenya) -- Quality, Health facilities, Proprietary -- Nairobi (Kenya) -- Evaluation, Family medicine -- Nairobi (Kenya), UCTD
Citation