Transitioning to sustainable waste management models : the case of Langebaan and Swakopmund Municipalities

Date
2022-12
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
Abstract
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Globally, the traditional linear economy model based on the “take-make-use-dispose” principle originated from the first, second and third industrial revolutions, in which waste disposal to landfills and dumpsites has been the dominant waste management method. However, in the 21st century, waste management, driven by a radical circular economy model, is seen as an alternative method that may contribute to sustainable development, unlike the predominant linear economy model of resource consumption which is no longer sustainable. The circular economy entails reducing the consumption of raw materials, designing products in such a manner that they can easily be taken apart after use and reused (eco-design), prolonging the lifespan of products through maintenance and repair, using recyclables in products and recovering raw materials from waste flow. The study employed a mixed method approach whereby qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were combined to explore how the current waste management models, resulting from municipal policies, processes, procedures and practices of the Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities, contribute to the realisation of sustainable waste management (environmental, economic and social sustainability) in the context of a circular economy. The methods used in data collection were structured in-depth interviews, documents analyses and non-participatory direct observation. Participants were senior level employees at Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities, as well as private companies dealing with waste management. Participants were purposefully selected on the basis of their knowledge of waste management systems. Document analysis was used to conduct a reflective/comparative analysis of policies, procedures, processes, organisational strategies and reports as a way of providing additional data, triangulation and validity of data collected through structured in-depth interviews. The study found that currently – despite the circular economy gaining momentum in most cities internationally – the Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities have not, as yet, implemented circular economy models in their waste management systems. For example, products such as mobile phones, batteries, tyres and organic products are produced and used, and when they break, become worn and obsolete, or by-products, they are dumped in landfills. The study established that part of the challenges includes, among others, inadequate regulatory frameworks, insufficient financial resources, inadequate information, lack of awareness, insufficient human resource capacity, lack of private sector engagement/involvement, lack of political will and lack of technical solutions. The study suggests that a circular economy would help to address these issues by maximising the efficiency with which resources are used at each stage of the product lifecycle. Moreover, a circular economy business model can increase productivity and economic growth; improve the quality and quantity of employment by creating jobs and save lives, by helping to reduce environmental impacts such as water pollution, air pollution and climate change. Based on the results a framework for best practices in circularity for small municipalities was developed for immediate consideration by Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities and any other small municipality that wishes to become a circular or green city/town. Circular cities/towns keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of their lifespan. Consequently, it is recommended that policymakers in government and small municipalities should revise existing regulatory instruments to promote transitioning to circular business models for waste management in line with the proposed framework.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wereldwyd het die tradisionele lineere ekonomie-model, wat gebaseer is op die beginsel van "neem-maak-gebruik-weggooi", ontstaan uit die eerste, tweede en derde nywerheidsomwentelings, waarin afvalverwerking na opvullings- en stortingsterreine die dominante afvalbestuursmetode was. In die 21ste eeu word afvalbestuur, aangedryf deur 'n radikale kringloopekonomie-model, egter gesien as 'n alternatiewe metode wat kan bydra tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, anders as die oorheersende lineere ekonomie-model van hulpbronverbruik wat nie meer volhoubaar is nie. Die kringloop-ekonomie behels die vermindering van die verbruik van grondstowwe, die ontwerp van produkte op so 'n wyse dat dit maklik uitmekaar gehaal kan word na gebruik, en weer gebruik kan word (eko-ontwerp), wat die lewensduur van produkte verleng deur middel van instandhouding en herstelwerk, die gebruik van herwinbare produkte, en die herwinning van grondstowwe uit afvalvloei. Die studie het ’n gemengde metodes-benadering gevolg, waardeur kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes van data-insameling gekombineer word om te ondersoek hoe die huidige modelle vir afvalbestuur op grond van munisipale beleid, prosesse, prosedures en praktyke van die Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite bydra tot die totstandkoming van volhoubare afvalbestuur (omgewings-, ekonomiese en sosiale volhoubaarheid) in die konteks van 'n kringloop-ekonomie. Die metodes wat in die data-insameling gebruik is, is gestruktureerde diepte-onderhoude, dokumentontledings en nie-deelnemende regstreekse waarneming. Deelnemers was werknemers op senior vlak by die Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite, sowel as private ondernemings wat met afvalbestuur besig was. Deelnemers is doelgerig gekies op grond van hul kennis van afvalbestuurstelsels. Dokumentanalise is gebruik om 'n reflektiewe/vergelykende analise van beleide, prosedures, prosesse, organisasiestrategiee en verslae uit te voer as 'n manier om addisionele data, triangulering en geldigheid van data wat deur middel van gestruktureerde diepte-onderhoude versamel is, te verskaf. Die studie het bevind dat, ondanks die feit dat die kringloop-ekonomie in die meeste stede internasionaal momentum kry, die munisipaliteite in Langebaan en Swakopmund tans nog nie kringloop-ekonomie-modelle in hul afvalbestuurstelsels geimplementeer het nie. Produkte soos selfone, batterye, buitebande en organiese produkte word byvoorbeeld vervaardig, gebruik, en wanneer dit breek, verweer, verouder of neweprodukte word, word dit op stortingsterreine gegooi. Die studie het vasgestel dat 'n deel van die uitdagings, onder andere, ontoereikende reguleringsraamwerke, onvoldoende finansiele hulpbronne, gebrekkige inligting, ’n gebrek aan bewustheid, onvoldoende menslike hulpbronvermoe, ’n gebrek aan betrokkenheid van die private sektor, ’n gebrek aan politieke wil en gebrek aan tegniese oplossings insluit. Die aanbeveling is dat 'n kringloop-ekonomie sal help om hierdie probleme op te los deur die doeltreffendheid waarmee hulpbronne in elke stadium van die produklewensiklus gebruik word, te maksimeer. Verder kan 'n kringloop-ekonomie-sakemodel produktiwiteit en ekonomiese groei verhoog; die gehalte en hoeveelheid van indiensneming verbeter deur werk te skep; en lewens red deur omgewingsimpakte soos waterbesoedeling, lugbesoedeling en klimaatsverandering te verminder. Op grond van die resultate is 'n raamwerk vir beste praktyke in sirkelvormigheid vir klein munisipaliteite ontwikkel vir onmiddellike oorweging deur Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite en enige ander klein munisipaliteit wat 'n sirkelvormige of groen dorp/stad wil word. Sirkelvormige stede/dorpe hou hulpbronne so lank as moontlik in gebruik, haal die maksimum waarde daaruit terwyl dit gebruik word, en herwin en herstel produkte en materiale aan die einde van hul lewensduur. Daar word dus aanbeveel dat beleidmakers in die regering en klein munisipaliteite bestaande reguleringsinstrumente moet hersien om die oorgang na kringloop-sakemodelle vir afvalbestuur te bevorder in ooreenstemming met die voorgestelde raamwerk.
Description
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.
Keywords
Refuse and refuse disposal -- Management, Refuse and refuse disposal -- Government policy, Recycling (Waste, etc.) -- Environmental aspects, UCTD
Citation